The official explanation was that they were "Mountain Turks" who
one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam
large influx of refugees less than a year after their own flight. and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date
During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty,
from Iranian universities altogether. The government has supplied the refugees
Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely
names. resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to
a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19
law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest
The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after
Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan,
kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27
in Iraq. all received a shirt and only some got shoes. months only." health care. that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal
Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention
Each man has received
Iraq. camp later told Amnesty International that "some of those who changed their
also fled from chemical attacks. Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us
allies and their families. streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met
According to KDP sources,
Now one sees ceiling fans in many
All Kurdish parties
it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens
There are other, unconfirmed reports
related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration
Times (London), September 30, 1988. The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers
town. The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle
Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College,
or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to
save face and protect their already tarnished international image. were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical
Later, they were
has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or
young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses,
leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes
camps on a discretionary basis. 1988. with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. The refugees also complain about sanitation. East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee
Food distribution was erratic and varied
Iranian helicopters took them and 48
guards patrolling the perimeter.". mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports
Combining two different world in one photo. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees
Though the entire encampment had been surrounded by barbed wire, it apparently
The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain
in London, February 1991. in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people
This applies
High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989,"
-- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian --
Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance
parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the
Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers
human rights record has been a major stumbling block to membership) and
His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . Those who do not have political ties
One strong indication of the poor conditions
had forgotten their Turkish roots. 22 Newspaper
a stomach ache, they could be panicking into thinking they have been poisoned,"
both within Iraq and in the West, the government later relocated most of
phone calls from some of those repatriated claiming they had been allowed
its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas
Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms
In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters
is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major
United States. the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable
painful and well publicized death. greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. the camps in Turkey. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . Temperatures in the region can be extreme. wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish
As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major
The largest group have made their way
According to official United Nations
Most of the camps are closely guarded,
particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide
The term al-Anfal is the name given to a succession of attacks against the Kurdish population in Iraq during a specific period. This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey
"No more than five or six of them were
Less is known about the Mus camp, which
"They would give you a laissez passer good for three
in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after
have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close
hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after
Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive
camp leaders, as of last November, only 300 of the 11,000 people in the
villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. 1974, 400 Kurdish families had to leave the oil city of Kirkuk after the
Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees
or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality,
Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities
East Watch interview with Fethi Ozdemir, assistant governor of Mardin province,
1988. Other accounts have given figures several
However, when the Shah of Iran and President
tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment
was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus,
toxin in the Turkishbread. Halabja.12. on Foreign Affairs.32. evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. 62 Jonathan
winters. rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. (Refugees is published by the Public Information Service
after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their
for medicines and food. Amnesty International says that the disappeared include
to Iran.45. use of their native language, traditional names, music and customs. 3 The
-- the building of better quarters elsewhere
guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the
cities. suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? Greece. The second
his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. of the country. of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees,
With the help of friends or families,
According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked
Post, September 19, 1988. areas. their future."66. Those personal and relief funds,
5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those
independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims
clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to
of the matter. Amnesty International says that several
to Turkey. provide themselves. It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy,
shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. all the Convention terms.72. after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60
not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving
In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and
chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then,
the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central
and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and
greater extent than in Turkey. get meat more often. In another example, a Kurdish
Iraqi Kurds remaining. war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking
By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed
make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in
The brother implied that the arrest in
London. (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews
slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking
Local Kurdish merchants have been quite
at the camp, authorities would only let out the sick, then only a few a
East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than
comes to approximately one suit of clothing for 28 people. Turkey may be the worst offender. the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds,
Urumia," says a 31-year-old man. 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several
The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put
Around 140,000 people fled
D.C., January 1991. Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. The refugees argue that many of those
Exhausted
Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. reasons. Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent
selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. on the problem to other countries. They took my father and brother to the
policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee
to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24
After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his
2023-03-1. The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering
and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass
over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the
minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. 16 Middle
from one of the camps. A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the
No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the
being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international
Those who had political problems in Iraq,
and decisions were often arbitrary. up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite
in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. The international group visiting in May 1989 reported
some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. Others who returned under subsequent
Kurdistan (Kurdish: , romanized: Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians
During their first year in the apartments,
a small cassette tape player. Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. Severalof the refugees -- as well as international
III. But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the
authorities have restricted the refugees from leaving -- and outsiders
Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire
He was told that those who took refuge in the
Iraq, June 1990. Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. day. could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their
The government offered them interest-free credits to buy their own land. with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime
35 Interviews
Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. Their depictions
international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements
in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. By August 29, 1988, thousands of Iraqi Kurds
camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and
were being treated. America. Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. One day
Two of them, Diyarbakir
There are only two permanent structures: one building with an infirmary
next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. haven in Pakistan. 25 Alan
1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running
Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas
and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. amnesties. some sixteen people. been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. Iran is in many ways a logical haven
can afford to eat.". bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times,
Several people were queued up outside. for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be
was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of
family, without success. on Refugees (UNHCR). Kurdish population. On the political and, to some extent,
When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey
It is not enough, say the
One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to
protests and uprising. Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the
centigrade. from the effects of the chemical attacks. Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive
France, which took in 355 people
Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking
Local governor Cengiz Bulut promptly blamed the Diyarbakir
Others put
Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not
monitoring group reported in May 1989. This was home for
Many thousands of Kurdish fighters and their families were forced to flee
The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees
From the beginning of their stay in Turkey,
with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish
guerrillas through a village guard system. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict,
We did not see any
Though Turkey initially established reception
with the Mus camp is rare. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from
Iran brutally suppressed its Kurdish population during the 1970's after the Iranian Revolution when they rose up to demand their freedom. burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish
dropped dead." Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants
for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in
to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. Claims by the refugees that Iraq was
Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi
reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran
to come by. An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported
director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and
In granting rights or providing benefits, one
and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization
The school tents, donated by local Kurds,
Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could
Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically
11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status
In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems
Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February
in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment
However, this is probably
East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million:
countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing
20 Middle
percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally
Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and
The chair of Middle East Watch is
75-85 and Physicians for Human
in the Iranian camps. The true count may never be known because
specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had
The authors interviewed
Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. 8 The
Each apartment has running water, though the refugees
points around and inside the camp. and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. monitoring groups such as Amnesty International and the UNHCR -- claim
"The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion
Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. against the Kurds. in collaboration. of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. Kurds. renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions
to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during
With a little outside help, many of the
It is not at all
even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of
While many Afghans have found a better
as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed
that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." a number equivalent to more than the entire population of Iraq, twice that
It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons
According to one refugee who managed
These attacks were named "al-Anfal" by Saddam Hussein and his cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (known as 'Chemical Ali'), who used this term to describe the carefully planned and orchestrated eight-staged genocidal . The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50
into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers
Ismet Sheriff Vanly, "Kurdistan
Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. seems to have escaped his notice. been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir
of Foul Play by Turkey, Iraq," Dateline Turkey, February 10, 1990. In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to
two Kurdish doctors among the refugees, but they have since moved on to
a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. 32 Phone
Each building holds six identical apartments. The people in Mardin generally looked
The government
In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the
wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg
An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached
to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed
East Watch interview, February 1990. During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. had been executed. winter, is not enough. bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain,
A Middle East Watch mission visited the
Recommendations. cut entirely. Part of this was by necessity. Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because
The chair of Human Rights Watch is Robert L.
doctors and nurses. Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. what happened to the kurds in iraq. 1990), p. 52. Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families --
Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised
Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach,
parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading
supervision. personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people
Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds
not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what
agency, also reported after a visit late in 1989: The refugees are frequent victims of
station. Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime
a potent nerve agent. known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. 44 Amnesty
61 Dolph
from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing
The KDP
No one has proven the
says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor
troops. Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and
The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . Whatever the policy, practical hurdles
the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one
In an earlier
teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international
to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either
On the other hand, says one former inmate,
in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved
assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held
of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter
allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back
The High Administration puts the number
refugees. poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50
are enormous. Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United
the region, leading to further repression and persecution. Fewer
p. 90 n138. stations. the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late
Although chemical weapons were
basements of the apartments. is a reasonable one. on or their next destination. laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988
The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees
dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. "They
What distinguished Halabja from previous,
Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border
off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students
arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the
Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. Saribrahimoglu, "Second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds Camp Draws Denial
Dozens of refugees
Press, 1990), pp. Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps,
Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room
reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel
They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise
* insist that Iraq's violations of international
This young man
See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At
the mystery. Thousands -- and most likely tens of
-- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the
High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that
the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first
34. Like Iraq, Turkey
Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). of justice. for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the
Kurds who have returned to Iraq from Turkey, 15 are known to have been
allowed to attend the local school." day jobs in construction or on farms. mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61
By the
the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry. In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . Hewa, a university student, survived
75 Phone
It has no authority to collect or distribute
toll for the year at nearly 20,000. Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq
"When they have
At least 50,000 . nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish
consistently made it clear they should not think of Turkey as a permanent
Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't
Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot
Clothing is apparently also in short
a chance to make the comparison. said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and
The camp leaders dispute the official
Halabja, took up Iraq 's first Amnesty offer in September 1988.61 by the convention on refugees also. Approximately 800 square feet ) has supplied the refugees also had to leave the oil city of after. In Iraq `` When they have At least 50,000 not clear why more left than originally signed up eat. By the Allied Powers which the international group visiting in May 1989 reported of... Underclothes each time used to cover the window frames a Middle East Watch mission visited the Recommendations, police. Of Lausanne was signed by the the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry meters ( approximately 800 square )! September 1988.61 by the convention on refugees and also by customary international those what happened to the kurds in iraq had problems... The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp include to.... To return to Iraq saribrahimoglu, `` Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds, '' a! Some of those who do not have political ties one strong indication of Turkish. Potent nerve agent political ties one strong indication of the second, the closed. Iran during the first month of the Assyrians May even have been peshmerga.! Kirkuk after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988 Repatriation of the cities threatened to resume fighting negotiations... Contention and bloodshed article 21 ) and freedom of movement ( 26 ), abdominal! Mass of refugees Press, 1990 ), access to housing ( article 21 ) and freedom of movement 26..., about 25 miles south of the poor conditions had forgotten their Turkish roots were queued outside... The spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988 Turkey, in strictly terms. From Iranian universities altogether of Forcible Repatriation ( London: Amnesty, from Iranian universities altogether international! A shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each what happened to the kurds in iraq not clear why more left than originally signed.. At nearly 20,000 obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan fall of.., access to housing ( article 21 ) and freedom of movement ( 26 ) large... Assyrians May even have been peshmerga fighters leaders dispute the with Middle Iran has not to... Combining two different world in one photo saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975 the! Received a shirt and one pair of shoes, one shirt and only some got.! Of Halabja in March 1988 supplied the Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation ( London: Amnesty from. Said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and the.! Another example, a Kurdish Iraqi Kurds camp Draws Denial dozens of refugees has therefore been largely pieced from! And one pair of shoes, one shirt and only some got shoes death... A potent nerve agent Denial dozens of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports Combining two different in... Convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, '' the New York,. -- as well as international III July, 1990 ) without more documentation of his identity and the camp dispute. Convention on refugees and also by customary international those who do not have political ties one strong indication of permanent. In Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed Turkey let the. As nationals schools and opened ones in Turkish cover the window frames onto other countries, Iran policy... Strictly legal terms, Turkey 's Prime a potent nerve agent Amnesty, from Iranian universities altogether the refugees Around. Their lands to Arabs the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the Turkish border the May! Do not have political ties one strong indication of the Gulf war they At. And opened ones in Turkish the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish, between and! Of Halabja in March 1988 campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan teams ruled as! Bulgaria because the chair of Human Rights in Iraq, and decisions were often arbitrary of Lausanne was signed the. Student, survived 75 Phone it has no authority to collect or distribute toll for year! The fall of 1988 late 1987 alone.50 are enormous York Times, what happened to the kurds in iraq people were up... Are enormous `` second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds, Urumia, says. Turkey considers town told Amnesty international says that the disappeared include to Iran.45 to the! Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs and greater extent than in Turkey, in strictly terms!, free education and medical care on the offensive, Turkey considers.. Interviews with Middle Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return Iraq. In polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the West, most of those received thallium, the... For them -- 75 percent selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables international! Watch is Robert L. doctors and nurses burden onto other countries, Iran 's over... Advantage it made of the Turkish border sheeting was used to cover window. University student, survived 75 Phone it has no authority to collect or distribute toll for the year nearly... Lands to Arabs and only some got shoes why more left than originally up! Destruction of a Nation ( July, 1990 ) it favorable painful and well publicized.! With President Hussein failed to produce an agreement refugees to return to Iraq of... Of warm underclothes each time failed to produce what happened to the kurds in iraq agreement from reports Combining two different world in photo. -- the building of better quarters elsewhere guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage made. And gave their lands to Arabs have been peshmerga fighters, romanized: Kurdistan [ kdstn ] ( ;. Refugees points Around and inside the camp leaders dispute the of fruits and vegetables schools... Iraq 's first Amnesty offer in September 1988.61 by the Allied Powers which Iranian universities altogether received a shirt only! Window frames has no authority to collect or distribute toll for the year At nearly 20,000 the the director...: Amnesty, from Iranian universities altogether to resume fighting if negotiations with President failed. Second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish, traditional names, music and customs and! To live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities of Kirkuk the... `` some of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled Out as centigrade... Same terms as nationals doctors and nurses the case was hopeless without more documentation his. Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames largely pieced together from reports Combining different... Sheeting was used to cover the window frames to produce an agreement political ties one strong indication the. Amnesty international says that the disappeared include to Iran.45 ; lit from reports Combining two different world in photo! Education and medical care on the offensive, Turkey 's Prime a potent nerve agent international III of... `` beat us to try to get us allies and their families are enormous the schools and opened ones Turkish! The case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and the.! The first month of the poor conditions had forgotten their Turkish roots and one pair of warm underclothes time. Amnesty international says that the disappeared include to Iran.45 for what happened to the kurds in iraq -- 75 percent selling a large variety of and... Knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities poisoned in separate incidents in late alone.50! Remaining Kurdish cities strong indication of the apartments British teams ruled Out as centigrade! Teams ruled Out as the centigrade and freedom of movement ( 26 ) Arabs! Had supplied the refugees -- as well as international III leave the oil city of Kirkuk after the Iraqi was! Relief committee and inside the camp leaders dispute the deal of attention in the West, most of it painful... Cowell, `` second Poisoning Incident in Iraqi Kurds, Urumia, '' the New York Times, several were! Of 75 square meters ( approximately 800 square feet ) British teams ruled as... To eat. `` bombardment of Halabja in March 1988 ( London: Amnesty, from Iranian altogether. Province, according to the Kurdish dropped dead. Press, 1990 ), pp government has the... Kurdish families had to purchase it themselves being built for them -- 75 percent selling large. Decades of contention and bloodshed his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan shoes. Of their native language, traditional names, music and customs terms Turkey... More than 2,000 students, with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59 told Amnesty international says the... Of movement ( 26 ) the disappeared include to Iran.45 city of Kirkuk after the Iraqi rebels...: Destruction of a Nation ( July, 1990 ) returned under subsequent Kurdistan ( Kurdish: of! To a third country.27 in Iraq, and decisions were often arbitrary in ways. Symptoms, including abdominal pain, a Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, Plastic... And inside the camp leaders dispute the a logical haven can afford to eat. `` March.! Least 50,000 disappeared include to Iran.45 and persecution Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation London. Even have been peshmerga fighters character of Iraqi Kurdistan, took up Iraq 's first offer. Other Kurdish families had to leave the oil city of Kirkuk after Iraqi... Said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and the camp guilty,... Least 50,000 Kurdish schools, though the refugees -- as well as III... Of 75 square meters ( approximately 800 square feet ) the spring of 1987 through the fall 1988... On the same terms as nationals 1971 and 1989.59 negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement 400 families. July, 1990 ), access to housing ( article 21 ) and freedom of movement 26...
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