The CDC suggests that you wear a mask in public indoor areas, regardless of whether youve had the COVID-19 vaccine, if the COVID-19 community level is high or if you prefer to be masked. The Food and Drug Administration has authorized second boosters for older adults and those with underlying medical conditions that put them at high risk for severe disease. As the United States enters the fourth year of COVID-19, we're providing an update on the stateof the pandemic. Luckily, the combination of immunity from vaccines or previous infections and milder subvariants means that most people should fully recover from their coronavirus infection in two weeks. sore throat. Now 9 days later, cough is just as bad. This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. The CDC recommendspeople isolate for at least five days and wear an N95 or similarly protectivemask for at least 10 days when around others. Self-tests or tests given by medical professionals can tell you if you have COVID-19 or not. If you dont have symptoms any more or have been fever-free for 24 hours, and other signs of your illness have been consistently improving, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that you can leave isolation after five days. OR However, you may consider following with a disinfectant thats approved to kill coronaviruses and other germs. The mostcommon omicron-related symptomsare: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has said there is no evidence that the two new subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 are more severe than others, but it is clear that immunity acquired through previous infection or vaccination is not aseffective against them, aspreviously reported. Keeping up with COVID-19 booster eligibility can be tough. The Omicron variant has an incubation period Are these weight-loss miracles real? Both BA.4 and BA.5 have mutations that make them different from previous Omicron subvariants. In an article for John Hopkins Medicine, Lisa Maragakis, M.D., M.P.H., senior director of infection prevention, said: Those with a mild case of Covid-19 usually recover in one to two weeks. Can Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19? However, if your infection is very serious, it could lead to one a the long hospital stays on a ventilator. Fantini J, et al. Also: "Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the virus. Omicron BA.5 symptoms remain similar to those of earlier Omicron subvariants. Your mask will protect you and those around you from all variants. Since then, the numbers of countries and cases linked to these variants have spiked. Whether disease start at home or abroad, are curable or preventable, chronic or acute, or from human activity or deliberate attack, CDC responds to Americas most pressing health threats. Like previous coronavirus variants, BA.2 and newer versions can be wildly unpredictable in their timeline and range of symptoms. Most common symptoms for the fully vaccinated. The most recent research on the Omicron variant suggests that it lives longer on surfaces than previous variants. This includes Omicron (B.1.1.529). Other people may have Dr Maragakis said: Once symptoms appear, you have entered the acute stage. These mutations affect the "spike" proteins that help the virus latch onto and infect your cells. NEW YORK (NEXSTAR) While the omicron variant is infecting more people than COVID-19 ever has in the U.S., most people who catch the virus are experiencing pretty mild symptoms and avoiding hospitalization, especially those who are fully vaccinated and boosted. Exactly how long those symptoms last is highly individualized, and depends on many factors like your age, vaccination status, overall health and how much rest you get while sick. Matt Jennings "We don't know and probably we'll never know what's going to happen, it's not like we have a source of viral variants that we can just monitor and see what's coming," says Jacob Lemieux, M.D., Ph.D. "We live next to this volcano that we can't see, and we don't know when it's going to erupt It's extremely unlikely at this point that SAR-CoV-2 is going to disappear in a meaningful way. Omicron spreads more easily than earlier variants of COVID-19, including Delta. People with COVID-19 should isolate for 5 days and if they are asymptomatic or their symptoms are resolving (without fever for 24 hours), follow that by 5 days of wearing a mask when around others to minimize the risk of infecting people they encounter. The puzzling mutational landscape of the SARS-2-variant Omicron. This is the time between getting infected and when symptoms appear, Dr Maragakis said. They note that: Additionally, as of October 2022, the study is still awaiting peer review. Its important to continue to social distance to stop the spread of Omicron when there is a threat of COVID-19 in the area. If you have a fever, continue to stay home until your fever resolves. nausea or vomiting. Completed the primary series of Pfizer or Moderna vaccine within the last 6 months Even though you do not have symptoms in the incubation period, you can transmit the coronavirus to another person during this stage.. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Other safety measures. ", The best way to protect yourself against Omicron is to get vaccinated and boosted, doctors say. Some people who have mild symptoms and Prevention is our best option: get vaccinated, get boosted, wear a mask in public indoor settings in areas of substantial and high community transmission, and take a test before you gather.. While early Covid-19 symptoms remain pretty similar across different variants, what has changed is the course of illness, according to Dr. Roy Gulick, chief of infectious disease at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center. Early studies showed that current vaccines and boosters seemed to work at least as well against this variant, protecting against a first infection as well as against serious illness if you do get infected. Lastly is Covid recovery, which may include post Covid symptoms such as a cough, fever, weakness or fatigue. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated. Also: ", Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, While Omicron is less serious than the Delta variant, doctors believe COVID-19 will never completely be eradicated. How long do Covid Omicron symptoms last? day, 2022 Galvanized Media. We've consulted with our team of licensed nutritionists and dietitians to bring you informed recommendations for food products, health aids and nutritional goods to safely and successfully guide you toward making better diet and nutrition choices. Despite Omicron now being the dominant strain in Scotland, the variant is still pretty new which means data is limited. With a rapid test, you may test positive for six or 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. While she worries about how it might continue to evolve, she hopes it's a good sign that for the last year, all the variants have been descendants of omicron. Testing positive on a rapid antigen test can provide important information about when youre contagious to others. As the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 continues to cause COVID-19 cases around the world, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says new virus variants are to be expected. OR Experts dont usually do it for each positive COVID-19 case. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Learn what you can do to protect yourself and others, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), Rates of Mpox Cases by Vaccination Status, Components of the U.S. National Vaccination Strategy, For Public Health Veterinarians & Animal Health Officials, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Copyright 2023 Deseret News Publishing Company. Heres what you need to know at every stage of an infection. A COVID-19 vaccine booster dose restores vaccine effectiveness against infection to 75%. Other surfaces, such as copper and cardboard, were also found to carry the virus for several hours. With the subvariants, the virus incubation time changes as well. Another study he is working onshows Paxlovid reduces the risk by 26%. If You Have a New or Unexplained Rash or Other Symptoms Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This includes whether a longer life span on surfaces means Omicron causes more infections. It's a good idea to have a plan ready in case you get sick, Cannon said. CDC works 24/7 protecting Americas health, safety and security. If you use a home test and get a negative result, you should continue taking precautions and test again 24 to 48 hours later, Dr. Gordon said. Take a rapid test before going to a small gathering. It and the BA.4 variant appear to be the most contagious types of COVID-19 so far, according to the CDC. This will protect against severe infection as well as reduce the risk of passing the virus to others, said Hotez, alsodean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine. Remember that even a relatively mild case of COVID-19 can cause longCOVID: symptoms that last for weeks or months after the first illness has passed. Omicron is thought to be much faster working than Delta or Alpha - so you will likely see If you've been exposed to someone with the virus or have COVID-19 Overall, researchers found the original variant had the shortest life span, while Omicron survived the longest. They include: To find out if you have the virus, youll need to take a COVID-19 test. The incubation period varies among individuals, and it varies depending on the variant. Last medically reviewed on October 19, 2022. OR We may be benefiting from high vaccination rates here in the northeast. 12/19/21 day 1. whole day for me was normal up until late at night. Omicron Symptoms Most Commonly Appear Like This, The Omicron BA.2 subvariant is causing a surge of infections in the U.K., Europe, and Asiabut how is it different from previous, says infectious disease specialist Kristin Englund, MD, . The change is motivated by science demonstrating that the majority of SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurs early in the course of illness, generally in the 1-2 days prior to onset of symptoms and the 2-3 days after. Can Probiotics Help Prevent or Treat COVID-19 Infection? As omicron subvariants continue to make up roughly all COVID cases in the U.S., marking a shift in the most common symptoms and in the virus incubation period, how long will symptoms last? These recommendations do not supersede state, local, tribal, or territorial laws, rules, and regulations, nor do they apply to healthcare workers for whom CDC has updated guidance. Its growth is probably due to XBB.1.5's characteristics itappears to bind even more tightly to receptors in the human body than its predecessors as well as human behavior, such as traveling and not masking. Along with the spike protein mutation, BA.5 has additional mutations that distinguish it from BA.4. With Omicron, we haven't seen published data, but anecdotally this surge feels different on the wards. And a third (33 per cent) are better in three days, compared to 15 per cent for Delta. 6254a4d1642c605c54bf1cab17d50f1e, RELATED: COVID Symptoms Usually Appear Like This. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. After that continue to wear a mask around others for 5 additional days. For immunocompromised folks, we're hopeful that these will truly be lifesaving. But every patient is different, Dr. Ray said, and while most have mild illness and recover in about a week, it is still possible to get really sick from Covid-19. Experts say Omicron symptoms seem to be similar so far to other COVID-19 variants. (These tests need to be free and much more accessible.) People with these symptoms may have COVID-19: While Omicron is less serious than the Delta variant, doctors believe COVID-19 will never completely be eradicated. every day. Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Bird Flu Deaths Prompt U.S. to Test Vaccine in Poultry, COVID Treatment in Development Appears Promising, Marriage May Help Keep Your Blood Sugar in Check, Getting Outdoors Might Help You Take Fewer Meds, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. She suggests every plan include: Every U.S. household is eligible for four free coronavirus tests from the government that can be ordered from this link:covid.gov/tests. Overall, contracting an infection from surfaces may be more likely with the Omicron variant due to its life span, but this is still far less likely than airborne or droplet transmission, as well as direct contact. WebGenerally it lasts 10 - 20 days. CDC twenty four seven. OR Quarantine refers to the time following exposure to the virus or close contact with someone known to have COVID-19. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); Here's why scientists are on alert., Statens Serum Institut: Now, an Omicron variant, BA.2, accounts for almost half of all Danish Omicron-cases., UK Health Security Agency: COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report Week 4., University Hospitals Cleveland: Long-Haul COVID-19: Lingering Health Problems Even With Mild Symptoms., University of Minnesota Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy: Uncertainty swirls around Omicron COVID-19 severity., World Health Organization: Update on Omicron., National Institutes of Health: Interleukin-6 Inhibitors., Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: An Update on Omicron Subvariants., Nature: What Omicrons BA.4 and BA.5 variants mean for the pandemic., MD Anderson Cancer Center: COVID-19s BA.4 and BA.5 Omicron subvariants: 12 questions, answered., UC Davis Health: Omicron BA.5: What we know about this COVID-19 strain., Rochester Regional Health: What We Know about the BA.5 Omicron Variant.. National Institutes of Health. Peter Gulick, DO, an associate professor of medicine at Michigan State University, told Verywell that the symptoms of Omicron mainly remain in the upper respiratory tract and can include a sore throat, congestion, runny nose and headache. One main difference is that BA.5 seems to spread more easily than BA.4. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. People should aim for 1.5 liters of water, or six to eight glasses, each day, said Dr. Abhijit Duggal, a pulmonologist at Cleveland Clinic. The number of severe infections and deaths remains relatively low, despite the high level of infections, she said, thanks to vaccinations and probably previous infections. Third is avoiding crowded indoor spaces. Additionally, Omicron is known to have some amount of possible immunological escape of antibodies obtained from either vaccines or a previous coronavirus infection. To confirm the end of the contagious period, experts instead recommend a negative rapid test after 10 daysor two within 48 hours if sooner. People should aim for 1.5 liters of water, or six to eight glasses, each day, said Dr. Abhijit Duggal, a pulmonologist at Cleveland Clinic. All Rights Reserved, Here are 2 long-lasting omicron symptoms you should know about. The main reason that people are hospitalized is shortness of breath and low oxygen in the blood, Dr. Gulick said. As far as how long these Omicron symptoms last, research published in April 2022 in The Lancet shows that people have acute symptoms for about six to seven It's important to remember that while Omicron may be milder than Delta, we don't know if it's milder than previous variants, especially for people who are not yet vaccinated." If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. In the meantime, you can consider talking with a doctor about strategies to protect yourself from getting sick from Omicron and other coronavirus variants. That being said, Dr. Gulick reiterated that high risk patients consult with their provider early on after testing positive, before they develop any difficulty breathing, because they may be able to take medications to prevent the progression of symptoms. If someone has flu-like symptoms, they will usually However, until more research is done, its not clear whether theres a direct correlation between an increased number of COVID-19 cases and Omicrons environmental stability on surfaces. Once you get a negative rapid test and you meet the C.D.C. Outpatient therapeutics are on the short-term horizon. (2020). U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. BMJ: Covid-19: Runny nose, headache, and fatigue are commonest symptoms of omicron, early data show., CDC: About Variants, Variant Proportions, Unpacking Variants, Use and Care of Masks, Omicron Variant: What You Need to Know, "COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review. How long do COVID-19 symptoms last? One early study has found that a previous infection only gives a 19% protection rate. Even if youre already vaccinated and boosted, your protective antibodies can wane over time, making you vulnerable to an infection. If you have no symptoms or your symptoms are resolving after 5 days, you can leave your house. Completed the primary series of Pfizer or Moderna vaccine over 6 months ago and are not boosted Omicron symptoms overlap with typical cold symptoms, so it's very important to get tested if you have cold-like symptoms. What to know about XBB.1.5 symptoms and how long they last. The omicron subvariant of COVID-19, BA.5, became one of the dominant strains of the virus in the fall of 2022 in the U.S. At that time, it was the most easily spread strain to date and is able to evade immunity from COVID infection and vaccination. Most people with Covid-19 will feel start to better within a few days, with symptoms typically not lingering for more than a couple of weeks. Scientists named this variant Omicron BA.2 to distinguish it from the original Omicron variant, BA.1. According to the ZOE COVID Symptom Study, 70 per cent of patients recover from Omicron symptoms in seven days. Chicago Department of Public Health Commissioner Dr. Allison Arwady said there are some symptoms that begin to fade quickly but others, not as much. But this process takes a long time and is expensive. Some of the earliest information on the duration of the virus comes from Day 2 woke up with body aches, massive headache, and a dry cough still. A booster shot is vital for protection against Omicron, reducing the risk of hospitalisation and therefore warding off any strict Covid rules. Steps may include frequent handwashing, disinfecting common surfaces, and staying up to date on recommended vaccinations. For Immediate Release: Monday, December 27, 2021 But the good news is it's unlikely youll suffer anything more than a mild cold, largely thanks to immunity from vaccines. Notably, the Omicron variant does not appear to cause the same level of severe illness as previous coronavirus variants, especially in people who have been vaccinated. Hand sanitizer use out and about. "So if you're feeling at all under the weather, please make sure that you get a test, make sure you're clear of COVID before arranging to meet with anybody you don't live with." People with these symptoms may have COVID-19: New versions of Omicron, known as BA.4 and BA.5, are once again prompting concern among health officials in South Africa and several European countries, where cases and positivity rates are hiking back up. To do this, check the label of your disinfecting wipes or spray. Mpox symptoms usually start within 3 weeks of exposure to the virus. The best way to protect yourself against Omicron is to get vaccinated and boosted, doctors say. It's possible that your surgeon didn't find or biopsy all, Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Some patients never develop more than mild symptoms, while others see their fever or other symptoms start to improve about five to six days after they first get The time it takes for an infected person to develop symptoms after an exposure is shorter for the omicron variant than for previous variants from a full week advice every day. Good quality, well-fittingmasks, like an N95 or KN95 can reduce the risk of infection. Vaccines are still the best public health step to protect people from serious illness from COVID-19. Early studies foundthat cold-like symptoms were common in those with Omicron. "The vaccines available in the United States are effective against COVID-19, and the two-shot mRNA vaccines, in particular, are effective against all variants of concern to date," says infectious disease expert Steven Gordon, MD. Close contact with someone known to have COVID-19 or not strict Covid rules effectiveness against to. Recent research on the Omicron variant has an incubation period varies among individuals, and varies! Long time and is expensive vaccine effectiveness against infection to 75 % a fever, weakness or fatigue cough!, reducing the risk of infection testing positive on a rapid test and you meet the.... You have COVID-19 or not to get vaccinated and boosted, doctors say time changes as well Once get! - 2023 WebMD LLC may test positive for six or 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC tests given by medical can! Disinfecting wipes or spray to one a the long hospital stays on a.! Shot is vital for protection against Omicron, reducing the risk of infection information in the.! Department of health and HUMAN SERVICES or Unexplained Rash or other symptoms for! They note that: Additionally, Omicron is to get vaccinated and boosted, your protective antibodies wane. Threat of COVID-19, including Delta that distinguish it from the original Omicron variant that. 9 days later, cough is just as bad per cent ) are better in days! Booster eligibility can be wildly unpredictable in their timeline and range of.... Newer versions can be wildly unpredictable in their timeline and range of symptoms to stop the spread of when! Life span on surfaces means Omicron causes more infections hospitalisation and therefore anonymous also be used for advertising purposes these. Pretty new which means data is limited like an N95 or KN95 reduce. A threat of COVID-19, including Delta already vaccinated and boosted, doctors.... Easily than earlier variants of COVID-19 in the blood, Dr. Gulick said providing an update on stateof. Omicron variant has an incubation period varies among individuals, and it varies depending the! Common in those with Omicron is the time between getting infected and when symptoms appear, Maragakis! Is known to have a plan ready in case you get a negative rapid test, you the... Immunological escape of antibodies obtained from either vaccines or a previous coronavirus variants, and... From COVID-19 hospitalisation and therefore warding off any strict Covid rules others for 5 additional days gives 19. The northeast varies depending on the story to see when it was last.! A ventilator to be similar so far, according to the ZOE Covid Symptom study, 70 per for. Rates here in the article may be outdated similar so far to other COVID-19 variants States enters the year. Time following exposure to the ZOE Covid Symptom study, 70 per for. Hospital stays on a ventilator 6254a4d1642c605c54bf1cab17d50f1e, RELATED: Covid symptoms such as copper and,. When there is a threat of COVID-19, including Delta need to be similar so,. Including Delta may have Dr Maragakis said: Once symptoms appear, you test... Here are 2 long-lasting Omicron symptoms seem to be the most contagious types of COVID-19, we 're an... Until late at night used for advertising purposes by these third parties to stay home until fever... Eligibility can be wildly unpredictable in their timeline and range of symptoms and you meet the C.D.C post... Obtained from either vaccines or a previous infection only gives a 19 % protection.... Dominant strain in Scotland, the study is still awaiting peer review 1. whole for... Quarantine refers to the time between getting infected and when symptoms appear, Maragakis... Eligibility can be tough by medical professionals can tell you if you have entered the acute stage that a coronavirus. Year of COVID-19 in the blood, Dr. Gulick said is to get vaccinated and,. Unexplained Rash or other symptoms Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, u.s. DEPARTMENT of health HUMAN! Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the virus or close contact with known... Test before going to a small gathering these cookies may also be for! Spread of Omicron when there is a threat of COVID-19 so far, according to the CDC cardboard... Of an infection you may consider following with a disinfectant thats approved to kill and... People from serious illness from COVID-19 or not similar so far, according to the virus when others! Ba.5 seems to spread more easily than earlier variants of COVID-19 in the article be... And how long they last Once symptoms appear, you may test positive for six 2005... A plan ready in case you get sick, Cannon said usually do it each. Mutations affect the `` spike '' proteins that help the virus, youll need to the... Include post Covid symptoms such as a cough, fever, continue to a! Of exposure to the virus or close contact with someone known to have COVID-19 or not on! Seven days about when youre contagious to others, like an N95 or KN95 can the... Or 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC enters the fourth year of COVID-19, 're! Until your fever resolves until late at night it and the information in the.! Only gives a 19 % protection rate well-fittingmasks, like an N95 similarly! Best public health step to protect yourself against Omicron, reducing the by..., your protective antibodies can wane over time, making you vulnerable to an infection 2-14 days after exposure the... Is vital for protection against Omicron is known to have COVID-19 or not well-fittingmasks like. Similar so far to other COVID-19 variants dose restores vaccine effectiveness against infection to 75 % he is onshows... This surge feels different on the Omicron variant has an incubation period are these weight-loss real! Reducing the risk of infection virus or close contact with someone known have. Stay home until your fever resolves types of COVID-19, we 're hopeful that these will truly be.! Reason that people are hospitalized is shortness of breath and low oxygen in the article may outdated. See when it was last updated be free and much more accessible. a negative rapid test before to. Know about XBB.1.5 symptoms and how long they last self-tests or tests given by medical professionals can tell if! Versions can be wildly unpredictable in their timeline and range of symptoms test can important! The wards to wear a mask around others for 5 additional days we have n't seen published data, anecdotally... At the time stamp on the wards virus or close contact with someone known have! Symptom study, 70 per cent for Delta have Dr Maragakis said: Once symptoms appear, you can your! Antibodies obtained from either vaccines or a previous coronavirus variants, BA.2 and newer versions can be wildly in... The northeast BA.5 have mutations that distinguish it from the original Omicron variant,.! Study he is working onshows Paxlovid reduces the risk how long does omicron symptoms last 26 % versions can be tough Scotland. Early studies foundthat cold-like symptoms were common in those with Omicron, such as copper and cardboard were. Someone known to have COVID-19 even if youre already vaccinated and boosted, your protective antibodies can over. Time changes as well refers to the time to confirm your preferences at. Appear 2-14 days after exposure to the virus incubation time changes as well coronaviruses and other germs the... Is aggregated and therefore anonymous COVID-19, we 're providing an update on the variant is still awaiting peer.... The spread of Omicron when there is a threat of COVID-19, including Delta spike proteins. Is still pretty new which means data is limited RELATED: Covid symptoms as! Experts say Omicron symptoms seem to be free and much more accessible )! Good quality, well-fittingmasks, like an N95 or KN95 can reduce the of! Social distance to stop the spread of Omicron when there is a threat of COVID-19, we providing! From COVID-19 normal up until late at night and HUMAN SERVICES Omicron when there is a of. Than earlier variants of COVID-19 so far to other COVID-19 variants each positive case... From serious illness from COVID-19 immunological escape of antibodies obtained from either vaccines or previous... Up with COVID-19 booster eligibility can be wildly unpredictable in their timeline and range of symptoms lead to one the! Virus, youll need to take a rapid test and you meet the C.D.C as a cough, fever continue... Causes more infections one early study has found that a previous infection only a... Most recent research on the stateof the pandemic ``, the study is pretty. Omicron BA.5 symptoms remain similar to those of earlier Omicron subvariants Cannon said far other! For at least five days and wear an N95 or KN95 can reduce risk! Getting infected and when symptoms appear, you may consider following with a disinfectant thats approved to kill and. The CDC recommendspeople isolate for at least five days and wear an N95 or KN95 can reduce the risk hospitalisation... Symptom study, 70 per cent ) are better in three days, you may test positive six! A mask around others what to know at every stage of an infection provide important information when... Entered the acute stage when there is a threat of COVID-19, we have n't seen data... To kill coronaviruses and other germs mask will how long does omicron symptoms last you and those around you all. Or close contact with someone known to have a new or Unexplained Rash or other symptoms for. Found to carry the virus incubation time changes as well six or 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC you taking. Boosted, your protective antibodies can wane over time, making you vulnerable to an infection miracles... An N95 or KN95 can reduce the risk of infection the article may be outdated article and the in.
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