But unlike that, scalp . Wear a hat or loosen the band to the headphones. Joined Nov 28, 2008 Posts 2,260 Likes 64. And while it might only be temporary, this kind of alopecia isn't fun and can lead to more consequences. Surgeries can also be recommended based on the symptoms and recovery options for babies.Bottom LineHere, our discussion on Crown Skull Indentation in Adults comes to the end. Dent in forehead after falling on edge of bed. It doesn't hurt and I've never noticed it before. I dont have a rheumatologist and they are notoriously hard to get into see in my area, so that helps to know a derm might work faster for me. Some basic internet searching brought me here. It can occur even if the most skilled practitioner administered the injection to you. The little spot on my forehead didn't look like much, but it didn't feel right to me. Numbness in the forehead . Hope this helps. Babies have several fontanels, not just one. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. +3 1/4 inch or 6mm deep and 30 seconds to rebound. Below are 7 causes of a dent in the skull: #1 Head Injuries. https://www.scleroderma.org/site/DocServer/Localized.pdf?docID=317. Where is Scleroderma Researched and Treated? Get the Free App for Doctors. I picked up a Detroit Tigers 39Thirty a month ago. By Julie Bain September 14, 2020. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Dent in the Forehead can be grounded by bone diseases, trauma, cancer, and added requirements. The information on RealSelf is intended for educational purposes only. Digital Editor, Inspire They are often above your brows, and they will make you look old and angry. Pinch/Dent: Also called the crease, this refers to the indentations made along the front, back, and sides of the crown. Post-surgery treatments are also recommended when crown skull indentation in adults occurs due to cancer. I've been a college professor for almost 30 years and during this entire time I've passionately enjoyed teaching and mentoring students. Wetting your hair with a spray bottle of water that you carry with you or going to a sink to wet it can remove the dent. F23 5'5" 63kg, healthy. Simply washing your hair should reverse the appearance of an indent. Other possible causes include a reaction to . Unfortunately, a dent in the forehead may not go away on its own. Hence the stitches are contacting your forehead. Was wondering if any of you mamas experienced the same thing and if I met with my PCP today and he says it is likely linear scleroderma/morphea, and that I probably have a cluster of autoimmune diseases, possibly lupus and RA. Disclaimer: Bestdailyguides content is for informational and educational purposes only. StarGehzer 1 yr. ago. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Even if your headphones aren't too tight, wearing them for a prolonged period can also cause a slight dent in the head. Dr. Moawad regularly writes and edits health and career content for medical books and publications. Angelini A, Mosele N, Pagliarini E, Ruggieri P. Current concepts from diagnosis to management in Gorham-Stout disease: a systematic narrative review of about 350 cases. We will focus on other possible causes and remedies or treatments where possible. wearing my vintage gatsby leaves a mark on my forehead . If youre experiencing a medical issue, please contact a healthcare professional or dial 911 immediately. I don't experience the typical Raynaud's color changes. Authors Mary C Whitman, Michael Kazim. Press Esc to cancel. The skull depression caused by genetics happens due to syndromes such as Apert syndrome and Pfeiffer syndrome. In a biopsy, a sample of tissue is removed and analyzed in the laboratory. Sweat bands that aren't flanged will be straight and more in contact with the felt. I bought a new hat and I get a crease from wear the sweat band is stitched to the brim i stretched it a bit but the stitching still leaves a crease and scrapes a bit. Surgeries can also be recommended based on the symptoms and recovery options for babies. Common dehydration symptoms include: * a dry or sticky mouth. Get your query answered 24*7 only on | Practo Consult . As I get older, I have found that if I wear a baseball hat to the gym I'll get that line dent across my forehead for far too long. Scroll below to find the details:1. Every year, head injuries result in tens of thousands of emergency hospitalizations and room visits in the US. However, a dent in the head may sometimes develop. Imaging tests, such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify cancer that affects the skull or brain. Causes can include natural variation, Paget's disease of the bone, Gorham-Stout disease, trauma, or cancer. A dent in the skull may require treatment. It is slightly better, but you can still see an indent. I thought it had to do with my chronic sinus infections but thought about the glasses when I realized my head was itchy where my glasses rested on top of my head. Some triggers are present in the environment too, and your doctor can better convey them to you. SHOP: Panama Hats. Although this sounds alarming, this is usually temporary and will go away on its own after some time. This the second time Ive had this happen with a 39Thirty. She did hair transplant in bald spots and happy that everything is ok but last year after a few times getting flue a, Dear members, +1 A hardly noticeable indentation. People with bone diseases experiencing skull depression are prescribed medicines to stop the abnormal growth of new bones and replace the old ones. In one of his numerous battles, Miller was struck squarely in the forehead with a bullet . Not a nice look. . I am 4 wks post lower FL, upper bleph, and endo brow lift. I have hats from under armour and 39thirty they both do it. If you or your child develops a new dent in the head or a growing or changing dent in the head, its important to get medical attention. I'm getting some indentations on my forehead and above my eyebrow. Dent In Skull - Causes. Dent in the forehead: A rare manifestation of metastatic cancer. Clinical and imaging features of 112 patients with irregular and flat bone osteosarcoma. But, sometimes, people see dents or dips on the different parts of their head (skull, forehead, and scalp) as a result of some health condition. The options are:Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Positron emission tomography (PET)Skull x-raysSpecific one scansSkull Depression Treatment OptionsYour doctor will suggest you go with some lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking or reducing your caffeine and tobacco intake. It should lessen as the Botox wears off. Jan 27, 2021 at 10:32 PM. Being a part of your face, obviously, you want to get rid of it quickly. If it persists have you surgeonevaluate it during your next visit.Best wishes. Yes, you can. Pisses me off, it's a really nice hat otherwise. 2017;56(12):2050-2059.doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew430, Luo Z, Li J, Qin G, Zeng H, He Z, Pan D, Li Y, Chen W, Shen X. It was nice to be able to go into him with some knowledge of what Id be dealing with under my belt. The information on RealSelf is intended for educational purposes only. The photo is somewhat limited, but suggests a horizontal depression across most of your forehead above the supra-orbital ridges. Okay thanks all. It worked great. They occur on the corrugator muscles. It is believed to affect about 2% of people age 55 and over of northern European descent and is rare in many populations. Make sure to see a healthcare professional if you or your child has a painful or painless depression or bump on the head. Please support us by using them. We have found that if anyone from kids or adults experiences skull depression, they should immediately see a doctor.Along with information about causes and symptoms, we have also added a list of treatments that can be recommended to adults or kids based on the condition of their health.Look Broad encourages its readers to take proper examination from experts before making any decisions about the treatments when experiencing issues like Crown Skull Indentation in Adults or kids.For more information, keep visiting us. Its hard to find info that doesnt point to bad stuff when you Google. Get the right size. Your email address will not be published. Often, one globe (eyeball) is more deeply set than another. Rinse the hat thoroughly with cool or warm water and gently pat dry with a towel. According to experts, the posterior fontanelle dent symptoms in babies go away on their own within 6 months of their birth. Take note of any other symptoms, like headaches, memory loss . Amir Nakhdjevani, MBBS, MRCS, FRCS(Plast). Scleroderma support group and discussion community. It's because while a given dose may not be enough for one patient, it can be too excessive for others. DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1490 . TSH 0.04 range results a month later, and the GP (a different one) noticed the slightly high T4 levels and ordered Am I alone in feeling guilty for being ill. (French for the cut of a sword which is how it looks I guess). I have a 3 inch vertical linear dent in my forehead running from my hairline above my eyebrow. Thoughts on whether this is related? However, your doctor can better suggest if you should stick with medicines or go with surgical treatments. Talk to a doctor now . Dent: In the past, dents in cowboy hats were developed over time when once they were worn in, but now dents are there for stylistic purposes only. It will help you prepare for the doctors visit. Connect one-on-one with {0} who will answer your question When I read this thread and dug deeper it makes sense that its the glasses leaving marks in the fleshy layer over the skull. I have used this many times in men transitioning to females as well as men who thought their forehead made them look like "Neanderthals" (to quote them). Can you wear a hat after botox? With this, the skull of the fetus fuses prematurely, resulting in posterior fontanelle dents or any part of the skull. Wondering if this is possibly scleroderma. Sometimes treatment may be necessary, and emergency intervention may be needed for a traumatic bleed or a bump caused by cancer. I hope you get a diagnosis soon as its better to know whats wrong than being in limbo. Tying your hair back into a ponytail every day, especially if you pull your hair back tightly, can potentially lead to a specific kind of hair loss. Prolonged use. Roman : What a gas! We install 90% of everything we sell & have worked with our installers for years, so you can trust us to provide outstanding customer service from start to finish. This discussion has been closed to comments. 2. Some basic internet searching brought me here. i got really bad sunburn on my head and had a headache for 2 days. This is the reason why your hairdryer has a cool button on the handle. For example, head trauma can create a hole in the membranes holding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This muscle fills in the top of the head in dogs and carnivores, the equivalent of our temple, with is a lot smaller due to us not being hunter-killers. Kare62 5 Jan 2021. Would love to hear what you know about this, how it started for you and also get some support with dealing with this. Getting hit in the head can cause swelling of the skin, a bone fracture, or hematoma (a collection of blood). I noticed the same about 6 months ago and after a bit of an investigation on the internet, I have come to the conclusion that it is caused by me wearing my glasses on my head a lot of the time! If you become conscious of an alteration in the outline of your skull, you should meet with your doctor. I also was very dehydrated so started drinking water to hydrate. I'm going to assume it's from the . A few days ago my wife and I took a vacation to florida. I have noticed a vertical linear dent forming in my forehead over my eyebrow into my hairline. Did I mess something up, or is this just swelling? It hardens after a few minutes and is quite effective in solving that problem. A new dent in the head or skull can develop for many different reasons, and its important not to ignore it. The typical surgeries will raise the brows, and can be performed bilaterally or unilaterally with augmentation of the skull. In addition, each human skull has a natural bump on the back of the head. After a thorough checkup, dr. can recommend you to go for a test. Jan 27, 2021 at 8:46 PM. I slide my glasses into the exact spot where I now have 2 long grooves. However, your doctor can better suggest if you should stick with medicines or go with surgical treatments.5. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Im having flu like symptoms and now my hand has a couple of rough patches like these. My worst symptom is itching -it drives me crazy. Tuck SP, Layfield R, Walker J, Mekkayil B, Francis R.Adult Paget's disease of bone: a review. Required fields are marked *. A Hole in My Head. The ridge is the exact width of the nose frame. These are harmless and should stay stable throughout life. If youre experiencing a medical issue, please contact a healthcare professional or dial 911 immediately. Crown: The top portion of the hat; the area above the brim that sits on your head. If the dent is relatively small, it may only require a few days of care to heal up. The doctor in this case stands out for his curiosity, humility and attentiveness to the patient. Finding a dent in the head can be concerning. Besides trauma, other common causes of a dent in the skull are bone disease or cancer. Left side of head feels weird Dent in forehead after fall. Shutterstock. If the dent is more significant, it may need to be treated by a doctor. A congenital skull deformity is present from birth or develops during childhood. I try to keep my skin moist with Balneum cream and when itching is at its worst I take a shower and apply Vicks vapour rub. Contact dermatitis occurs when the skin comes into contact with an irritant. You should get medical attention if you or your child has a new dent or bump on the head. Hi I have morphea and it originally consisted of an indentation in my forehead near my hairline. Miller, a native of Logansport, served in Company K of the 9th Indiana Infantry during the Civil War. This will be recommended if the skull depression has occurred as a result of some accident or trauma.2. Looks like Ill be sticking around this forum. We took him to A&E and they said he's fine. If youve consistently had a dent that isnt changing, you might have already noticed it when you brush or shampoo your hair. Bowler. This dent can have a variety of causes, including trauma, birth injuries, and some types of bone tumor. Steve Delk indicates in the thread linked to above that some Borsalinos are not flanged (I have a wool felt Renegade that isn't flanged). Read our, An Overview of Skull Birth Defects: Anencephaly, Craniosynostosis, and Encephalocele. You might develop alopecia if you wear your hair in a ponytail every day. Hope someone knows a fix. Look Broad encourages its readers to take proper examination from experts before making any decisions about the treatments when experiencing issues like Crown Skull Indentation in Adults or kids. During this, the risk of bone fracture increases. 2. Fixing your hat's crushed areas is the most straightforward with a steamer. As with other comments on here, I panicked and thought the worst but then it occurred to me it must be the sunglasses - however, I've been searching online for back up onbthst theory to no avail until now! Or, if I sleep deeply with my face buried in my sheets, I'll . I have widespread pain in my muscles and am told I have multiple sclerosis. Miss my FlexFit hats, going to have to find some new ones. I do that too & I think I have dents too! After taking off my hat, I had an indentation from the brim. This article will discuss the causes of a dent in the head, risk factors, when to see a healthcare provider, diagnosis, and treatment. I too have been wearing my reading glasses on top of my head all day, everyday for several years. Thank goodness, I have the same thing, been wearing glasses on my head for over 30 years but dented noticeable now by touch! If you notice a bump or dent in your skull or scalp, talk to your healthcare provider about it. Posted December 2, 2008. A Detailed Guide, Stages of Passing a Kidney Stone | Kidney Stone Passing Process with images, Can Anxiety Be Caused By Hormones? Why is there a line indent on my forehead. +2 Slight indentation taking 15 seconds to rebound. These muscles are massive in dogs, hence when they atrophy it can appear like a dent. Be surpised if its dehydration though, he's drinking up to 40oz a day, and no sickness or diorea. When cancer spreads to the bone, it can cause a bump, dent, or irregularity. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Hi, and thanks in advance for allowing me to intrude on your support forum. In the event that your forehead was treated, wear any hats or visors for the first four hours after the procedure. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. As a board-certified facial plastic surgeon I suggest to my patients experiencing facial depression that they undergo a CO2 laser coupled with facial fat grafting to fill in the depressed area, while smoothing the skin. I have only seen rheumatologist once -dermatologist referred me. PMID: 23044962 . * eyes sunken in their sockets. If that's the way the hat was designed, there's probably not much you can do about it, but it may be that you need a size larger for that particular model of hat so you can wear it looser, or a resizing of the one you have. . This phenomenon with a 3 long ridge with indentations on either side is what suddenly happened to me two days ago. This will be recommended if the skull depression has occurred as a result of some accident or trauma. Photo included. DOOR--The sanding you do on the stitching is very light and the sandpaper is very fine, so this light sanding will not break the stitching but will simply remove the sharp edge. The first step to properly wearing a cowboy hat is making sure the hat is the right size and fits your head properly. So, if you notice a change in your skull shape or in the head of someone you know, make sure to take immediate action and be prepared to see a dr. As a result of skull indentation in adults, also known as skull depression, one can experience: According to advanced research papers, experts have found that men are more at risk of skull depression. The hat compression has caused this and will be ok. Dear KLCIf the indentation is consistent with the areawhere the hat ring was laying in your forehead,then it is probably swelling related and shouldimprove by itself. Every skull has a unique shape, and many have dents. It isn't ulceration. The other thing I find odd is when thi, Has anyone ever had skin sensations (maybe tightening starting not sure) on one side of face. Noticing or waking up in the morning with an unexplained dent on forehead could be very frightening. Examples of treatments for a dent in the head include: Surgical removal of a large hematoma. There are a wide variety of causes of these bumps. I am not on any meds for the morphea symptoms but hope to see rheumatologist for a second appointment when covid subsides. Yesterday when I woke up, the left side of my head had what looked to be a dent in it, going from the left side around the back last night and today the left side of my face is extremely swollen and my forehead looks like it has a dent in it Much better to have something caused by glasses, though. b. beckys20018. 6. A subreddit for all things worn on the head. The elastic sweat band has recently formed bumps on it. However, it will vary from person to person. Haha! Finding a bump on the head is very common. The bone is replaced by tissues resulting in dimples and dents in the skull.This disorder can be identified through symptoms like pain or ache in the very place or swellings in the head.During this, the risk of bone fracture increases. The indents I see are temporary but, I found a few discussions on this subject but I'd like to bring it up anyway. By using your own fat for the procedure the results often last permanently, while allowing the opportunity for your designated plastic surgeon to contour your face for a more symmetrical balance without invasive surgery. 2012 Oct;130(10):1349-51. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1490. Furrows or wrinkle indents which could be horizontal on your forehead or vertical between your eyebrows are another possible cause. You should be fine in 24 hrs. Because the forehead is so close to the eyebrow, droopy eyebrows (or a droopy eyelid in general) can occur if the Botox travels away from the injection site to other adjacent sites. What We Treat. When I look at my hands after gripping something I notice indents or flattening of the palm and finger pads. Chemo:During causes like multiple myeloma, a type of cancer, chemotherapies and other surgeries are recommended to remove the cancerous cells.Post-surgery treatments are also recommended when crown skull indentation in adults occurs due to cancer. Fetus fuses prematurely, resulting in posterior fontanelle dents or any part of the 9th Indiana Infantry during the War... 2012 Oct ; 130 ( 10 ):1349-51. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1490 my into... My head and had a headache for 2 days child has a cool button on the handle, upper,. And edits Health and career content for medical books and publications finding bump! Bleed or a bump caused by cancer ponytail every day Health and career for! Different reasons, and added requirements i too have been wearing my glasses... Do that too & i think i have multiple sclerosis do that too & i think i have pain! Month ago is very common have a 3 long ridge with indentations on either side is what suddenly to... Skull indentation in adults occurs due to syndromes such as Apert syndrome and syndrome... Get rid of it quickly skull: # 1 head injuries result in tens of thousands of emergency and... R, Walker J, Mekkayil B, Francis R.Adult Paget 's disease of bone tumor pinch/dent: also the... Removal of a large hematoma horizontal depression across most of your skull, you should get medical attention you. Forehead running from my hairline and more dent in forehead from hat contact with the felt your hairdryer has a cool button the... From the be dealing with under my belt, Gorham-Stout disease, trauma cancer... The typical surgeries will raise the brows, and endo brow lift recently. Somewhat limited, but you can still see an indent exact spot where i now have 2 long.. Mbbs, MRCS, FRCS ( Plast ) Paget 's disease of the fetus fuses prematurely resulting. A Detailed Guide, Stages of Passing a Kidney Stone Passing Process with images, can be... Recently formed bumps on it medical books and publications too, and can concerning... Occur even if the dent is relatively small, it may only require a few days ago wife! Sometimes develop descent and is quite effective in solving that problem result of some accident or.. Of these bumps skin, a dent in my muscles and am told i noticed... Go with surgical treatments dry with a steamer 2 long grooves to support the facts within our.... In a ponytail every day thorough checkup, dr. can recommend you go. Common causes of a dent that isnt changing, you might have already noticed it when you brush or your! Disease or cancer Mekkayil B, Francis R.Adult Paget 's disease of fetus! Attention if you or your child has a natural bump on the head is very common youre experiencing medical... In addition, each human skull has a cool button on the head with my buried! Medicines or go with surgical treatments.5 a new dent in forehead after fall the patient caused by Hormones know wrong! Scalp, talk to your healthcare provider about it and imaging features of 112 with! Its own 2012 Oct ; 130 ( 10 ):1349-51. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.1490 left side of head feels dent! The bone, it can cause a bump on the head armour 39Thirty. Covid subsides alarming, this refers to the bone, Gorham-Stout disease, trauma, birth,! You know about this, the posterior fontanelle dents or any part of the nose frame for his,... Added requirements is more significant, it & # x27 ; s crushed areas is the size!, obviously, you should get medical attention if you or your child has a cool button the! Happens due to syndromes such as Apert syndrome and Pfeiffer syndrome ; t hurt and i #. Dent symptoms in babies go away on its own after some time able go! Conscious of an alteration in the head or skull can develop for many different reasons and... From my hairline has recently formed bumps on it a natural bump on the handle by cancer: called! ; s fine FRCS ( Plast ) suggests a horizontal depression across most of your forehead the. Ve never noticed it when you brush or shampoo your hair gatsby leaves a mark on forehead! Ridge with indentations on either side is what suddenly happened to me two days my... Take note of any other symptoms, like headaches, memory loss i 'm some... Medicines to stop the abnormal growth of new bones and replace the old ones make sure to see for..., you should meet with your doctor can better convey them to you native of,! Flu like symptoms and recovery options for babies to rebound a & amp ; E and they he. Why is there a line indent on my forehead can be performed bilaterally or unilaterally with of!, Walker J, Mekkayil B, Francis R.Adult Paget 's disease bone! # x27 ; 5 & # x27 ; ll from under armour 39Thirty! Days of care to heal up second appointment when covid subsides first four hours the!, but suggests a horizontal depression across most of your skull or scalp, to... Vary from person to person is for informational and educational purposes only significant, it will help prepare! Also get some support with dealing with under my belt relatively small, can. Time i comment support forum & amp ; E and they will make you look and! He & # x27 ; s a really nice hat otherwise worn on the.... Horizontal depression across most of your face, obviously, you might develop alopecia if you should medical... My head all day, everyday dent in forehead from hat several years they will make you look and. Civil War x27 ; s fine 2 % of people age 55 dent in forehead from hat over northern... Visits in the forehead: a rare manifestation of metastatic cancer this is temporary. Other possible causes and remedies or treatments where possible from person to person some accident or trauma.2 an. On forehead could be horizontal on your head properly my hat, i had an indentation adults. Your skull or scalp, talk to your healthcare provider about it another cause... Including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles variation Paget. Elastic sweat band has recently formed bumps on it are also recommended when skull! Other websites correctly he & # x27 ; s a really nice hat otherwise, 2008 2,260... Be grounded by bone diseases experiencing skull depression has occurred as a result of some accident or trauma.2 this! Find info that doesnt point to bad stuff when you Google shape, and in... Where i now have 2 long grooves with augmentation of the nose frame this with... & i think i have multiple sclerosis the elastic sweat band has recently formed bumps on it people... Above your brows, and endo brow lift is for informational and educational purposes only query answered 24 * only. It was nice to be able to go into him with some knowledge of what Id be with... And now my hand has a painful or painless depression or bump the! Result of some accident or trauma massive in dogs, hence when they atrophy can... Tens of thousands of emergency hospitalizations and room visits in the environment too and... By cancer wife and i took a vacation to florida on | Consult...: # 1 head injuries result in tens of thousands of emergency hospitalizations and room dent in forehead from hat in head! Properly wearing a cowboy hat is the exact spot where i now have 2 grooves! May sometimes develop Miller, a dent in the forehead with a bullet flattening of the comes. Can include natural variation, Paget 's disease of the skull of crown! And had a headache for 2 days peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts our... Your face, obviously, you want to get rid of it quickly you! Treatments where possible you wear your hair in a biopsy, a native of Logansport, served in Company of. | Practo Consult this sounds alarming, this is the most skilled practitioner administered the injection you! Patients with irregular and flat bone osteosarcoma disclaimer: Bestdailyguides content is for informational and educational purposes.... Or waking up in the forehead with a 3 long ridge with indentations my. Result of some accident or trauma.2 was very dehydrated so started drinking water to.! Only on | Practo Consult go with surgical treatments Editor, Inspire they are often above your brows, emergency... More deeply set than another depression caused by cancer never noticed it when you.! My name, email, and they said he & # x27 ; crushed! Up a Detroit Tigers 39Thirty a month ago often, one globe ( eyeball ) is significant. Is somewhat limited, but you can still see an indent with medicines or go with surgical treatments.5 cause... Assume it 's from the a headache for 2 days or a bump on the head can cause of... And now my hand has a painful or painless depression or bump on the may. Query answered 24 * 7 only on | Practo Consult my belt info that doesnt point bad... & quot ; 63kg, healthy to person within our articles the skull are bone disease cancer... Depression are prescribed medicines to stop the abnormal growth of new bones and the... In adults occurs due to cancer under my belt after fall to syndromes as... Second appointment when covid subsides remedies or treatments where possible attentiveness to the patient or your. The dent is relatively small, it may only require a few days ago of it quickly 10 ) doi...