The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. [13] compared a unidimensional model, three alternative two-factor models and three bifactor models including an independent general depression factor and specific factors. For the purpose of providing validity evidence with external variables, the BDI-II scores of the general population (N = 797) and the hospital population (N = 243) were compared, using Student's t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction (Table 3). Treatment also involves helping clients evaluate negative beliefs about themselves, the world, and the future that lead to them feel depressed. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(2), 94-99. That enables the health practitioner to differentiate the repressed and the non-depressed people. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3-18. Kumar, G., Steer, R.A., Teitelman, K.B., & Villacis, L. (2002). They found no differences between Caucasians and non-Caucasians but did report significant correlations between age and BDI-II scores. Additionally, the present study supported the validity of the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains. The psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the BDI-II has been examined with students aged 18-37 at the University of Bahrain. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. Allen S. Scoring the Beck Depression Inventory. The scale can be divided into 2 subscales . Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. Screening, Identification, and Assessment, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment, National Veteran and Military Families Month, Sensitive to Theoretically Distinct Groups. Bleiberg, K.L., & Markowitz, J.C. (2005). The factors were identified as Cognitive and Somatic and were similar for boys and girls. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.s001. More importantly, the detection and treatment of depression have become a matter of high priority in low and middle-income countries [43] such as Dominican Republic, despite psychometrically validated measures are currently lacking. It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. 2020 Sep 23;63(1):e91. The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. (2005). 4. Relationships between the underlying constructs of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(2), 319-335. The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents. There are many resources available to help you. No, Is the Subject Area "Research assessment" applicable to this article? Health action to be taken in form of counselling about the pros and cons in the early phase can prevent future complications. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. [16] two-factor correlated model composed of a cognitive-affective and a somatic factors has been supported in many studies [17,18,19]; there are others studies which identified a single factor [11,20], two alternative factors consisting of somatic-affective and cognitive [21,22], three factors corresponding to cognitive, somatic and affective [23,24,25], and an alternative three-factor model including negative attitude, difficulty and somatic [2329]. Author: Aaron T. Beck. Depression stands out not only for its high prevalence, but also due to the probability of associated relapse and recurrence. [5] original scoring instructions. Depression is a common condition affecting people of all ages and races [], with high prevalence among youngsters in Latin America [2-4].Early onset depression is of interest because of the need to identify early cases of depression and potentially prevent or reduce consequences later in life [5, 6].Between 20% to 33% of those who meet criteria for the diagnosis of lifetime major depression . Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. Furthermore, since research indicates that depression symptoms response differentially to treatment [57] the use of BDI-II global score alone as a measure to detect changes in response to treatment may obscure the impact of interventions. Scoring files were written in the R statistical programming language by John Curtin and are free for reuse. Thus, in contrast to different authors who advocate the use of BDI-II total scores and questioned the validity of subscales [13,34], the present findings support the use of the BDI-II total score along with scores corresponding to each subscale, in agreement with Beck et al. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? Additional data regarding reliability are presented under Notes for "Construct Validity." Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Dozois, D.J.A., Dobson, K.S., & Ahnberg, M.J.L. By doing so, bifactor models represent a useful strategy to examine if a construct of interest can be viewed primarily as unidimensional or multidimensional and, subsequently, the way in which scores should be computed. Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. An inventory for measuring depression. Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H.J., & Murat, T. (2005). Osman, A., Kopper, B.A., Guttierez, P.M., Barrios, F., & Bagge, C.L. Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . The standard cut-offs are as follows: Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. Sprinkle et al. Steer, R.A., Kumar, G., Ranieri, W.F., & Beck, A.T. (1998). Depression represents the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide [3] with the higher prevalence in low and middle-income countries [54]. 2020;10(1):108. Psychiatry Investig. Despite all limitations, we note that this is the first study to demonstrate the construct validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Dominican Republic. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 451-460. Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article? San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Scores >10 generally meet the threshold for a diagnosis of depression. Items are on a four-point scale that ranges from 0 to 3. Moreover, despite that cultural convergence is being accelerated due to increased globalization [39] and that major depression has been reported worldwide [40] there are considerable cross-cultural differences in the symptomatology of depression [41]. The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form as a screening and diagnostic instrument for moderate and severe depression in medical inpatients. The measure has been found to be useful in detecting change in treatment-outcome studies. Finally, the PUC value indicates that 68% of the correlations are influenced by the general factor. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. 2017;14(1):30-36. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30, Phan T, Carter O, Adams C, et al. There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. Factor analysis of the BDI-II has generally identified a 2-factor structure in adult outpatient and non-clinical samples, measuring cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms (Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998; Storch, Roberti, & Roth, 2004). Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation The BDI-II includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory or BDI is an assessment method to evaluate the most important symptoms of depression. . 1. The BDI-II is user-friendly; it is easy to administer and score. Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Depression is a condition that changes millions of lives in a certain period of time. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants (N = 86) are considered. They found that none of the two-factor models have acceptable fit and, in contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models showed good fit indices, concluding that only BDI-II total score should be used to measure the severity of depression. It was developed by famous American psychiatrist Dr. Aaron T. Beck. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . What Is the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale? The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. This test opened up a new dimension for health care professionals. Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: schneck2@wisc.edu. What Is the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale? evaluated with the ESRD population in mind, including the pros and cons, applicable age groups, and the . The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. As expected, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in the hospital sample. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. Mult Scler. Because the items in the BAI describe the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety but not depression, it can . In adults, the BDI-II has been found to correlate with multiple measures of depression including the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Revised Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). (2002). Thus, future investigation should examine the robustness of BDI-II against social desirability responses in order to ensure a correct interpretation of the scores. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. Moreover, despite most of the items variances were accounted by the general depression factor, the three specific factors (cognitive, affective, and somatic) explained a non-redundant amount of variance. Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Connie Wong, M.A. Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. An inventory for measuring depression. The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.t003. In particular, Model 1 assumes depression as a unitary construct and, therefore, all BDI-II items were allowed to load into a single factor (Depression) [20]; Model 2 tested a two-factor model represented by cognitive-affective and somatic factors [45]; Model 3 tested the original two-factor model identified by Beck et al. In conclusion, for both statistical and clinical reasons it seems more appropriate to use BDI-II total and factor scores. Complementary indices were calculated to evaluate the fit of the bifactor model, including H, the ECV and PUC. The BDI can also be used to monitor the course of treatment. They found good internal consistency (alpha=.92), and using confirmatory factor analysis, identified two first-order depression factors and one second-order general depression factor, similar to what has been reported in other samples. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is widely used to screen for depression and to measure behavioral manifestations and severity of depression. Content and Use of the Beck Depression Inventory A. There are different versions of the BDI: the original BDI which was published in 1961 and then revised in 1971 (BDI-1A), and the BDI-II which was published in 1961 (Wikipedia, 2007). Cons: 1. Psychometric properties of the Spanish Beck Depression Inventory-II in a medical sample. Reveals specific suicidal characteristics that require greater clinical scrutiny. In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. For the BDI-II, a score of 10 to 18 indicates mild depression, and 30 or above indicates severe depression. As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. It has been used in samples of combat veterans, women who have experienced intimate partner violence and sexual abuse, and in numerous treatment outcome studies for PTSD. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. Bryant, R.A., Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., & Nixon, R.D.V. 2021;27(4):603-612. doi:10.1177/1352458520921073, Fried EI, van Borkulo CD, Epskamp S, Schoevers RA, Tuerlinckx F, Borsboom D. Measuring depression over time . Beck Depression Inventory (currently in its second edition as BDI-II) is a 21-item, self-rated inventory that evaluates the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors. Results showed that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective, and somatic factors provided the best fit to data. This can be caused by big events, small events, or just being a . Cohen, J.A., Deblinger, A., Mannarino, A.P., & Steer, R.A. (2004). If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. 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