3. Fifty-year-old results may no longer be appropriate. 2. Family WebLook at the Advantages of the Guernsey. The Guernsey is primarily a dairy breed, one of the favorite choices of self-sustaining family farms and direct marketers of grassfed dairy products. There is no concrete evidence as to the development of the Guernsey before the 19th Century but there may be some truth in the theory that the Isigny cattle of Normandy and the Froment du Lon breed from Brittany were ancestral relatives of the modern Guernsey. 2. Cattle 2. When established, herds with such a program would have all three crosses at all ages, but decisions regarding service sire would be driven by the simple ear tagging system. The major disadvantages are that crossbreds also have the weaknesses of the breeds from which they descend and heterosis in initial crosses declines with any backcrossing to parental breeds. Guernseys live and produce longer. 4. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Some weaknesses include having a low heat tolerance and low The tag will indicate the proper breed of service sire for the animals lifetime. Their popularity rose to a peak from the 1950s to the 1970s, but by 1970 a new trend was beginningmass production of Holstein milk. Disadvantages: ADC Lanet Farm PO B0x 1124-20100 Nakuru Advantages: 7. Extension services offered to the Registered and New farmers andsound advise on Livestock management and proper record keeping at the farm level. For instance, a Guernsey can be crossed with a Holstein to improve the temperament, calving ease, and milk components of the offspring. Being an animals which in obliged to walk long distances, selection for perfect feet and leg conformation is necessary for registered cattle. 6. Unfortunately, Holstein cattle also have disadvantages besides clear advantages in milk production, With the dairy industry focused exclusively on the quantity of milk produced under confinement conditions, and pricing favoring the quantity of fluid milk over the quality of the components, such as protein and butterfat, the Guernseys strengths lost market value. For registered pedigree grade cattle, its best to consult the KSB. This is witnessed by the fact that there is no need for AI companies to indicate 'Calving Ease' bulls in the Guernsey breed. The general conclusions were that purebred Holstein cows almost always gave more milk in a single 305-day period than any cross studied; however, there was evidence of heterosis for yields, livability, growth, and reproduction. WebHere are all the top advantages and disadvantages. Being accustomed to desert condition, it covers vast distances in search of grazing and water and in some areas is only watered on alternate days or on the third day. The Guernsey Cattle Club was formed in 1877. Yields may range from 5-10 litres/dayAverage body size:Large (average live-weight 350-400 kg)Description:Body colour is solid brown, Advantages: Friesians and their crossbreeds are predominant in Kenya particularly in Central Kenya and Central Rift Valley. 1. The world is The breed is not known to have undesirable recessives. Although over 5 billion chickens are raised each year in just the United States to be a source of food in both eggs and meat, that is not the only option that is available to you in poultry farming. Chemusian Farm PO Box 86-20107 Menengai. Breeding Manera (Delamere Estates), Naivasha Longevity is an added profit bonus. Although Guernseys are not as frail as commercial Holsteins, they are still prone to a variety of health problems ranging from lung problems to udder infections. The breed has little or no calving problems, greater fertility, a shorter calving interval, and earlier maturity. Better performance within a breed: If natural breeding is practiced - exchange the bull if the offspring consistently have undesirable traits. 12. Gogar Farm PO Box 6-201080 Rongai No other dairy breed has the genetic resources to improve lowly heritable traits such as fertility, longevity, and calving ease as does the Holstein breed. Complete identity of crossbred cows offers the important advantages of maintaining genetic evaluations within pure breeds for future sire selection decisions, The milk yield is highly variable because of variation of management regimes. On that basis, the Holstein breed is in a formidable position. Guernsey cattle are fawn (a light reddish-brown) and white with hide markings clearly defined. Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) Katuke Complex, PO Box 1392-30200 Kitale This effect even extends to crosses between breeds of cattle, which is why crossbreeding programs are popular (for producing cattle for beef operations, for instance). Indirect selection improves a trait by selecting cows with a related trait. The Jersey's hard black feet are much less prone to lameness. Most of these events require that the show animals be registered as a condition. Factory farming products more food than we actually need right now. They have become safer over time. That combination can be higher than the breed merit for that trait of the superior breed in the crossbreds makeup. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Inbreeding may be defined as mating of individuals more closely related than the average relationship of the population. Under sub-optimal conditions the indigenous breeds stay healthy and animal welfare is less at risk as with exotic breeds in the same situation. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. 1. 2. Intensive selection for higher yields and better type has changed the dairy cow, regardless of her breed. The Guernsey cow is adaptable to any climate. What Issues Should Be Considered in Crossbreeding? The Guernsey cow is an efficient converter of feed to milk products. Disadvantages: Guernsey milk has been promoted under the trademark Golden Guernsey. Butter made from the milk is distinctively golden. 3. Introduction Do you want to learn and discuss 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of Satellite Communications | Benefits and Drawbacks of Satellite Communications with types, examples, uses, and importance in easy language.. Keep reading; you are in the right place. 1. Herds composed of combinations of purebreds, two and three breed cross will vary in size, rates of maturity, and perhaps in important management requirements. These cattle can live longer Recording officially and accurately the quantity (kgs) and quality (Butterfat) of milk produced by each cow in every recorded herd. At the same time, it reduces food security issues for the entire region. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Russell, K. (1980). Borans are generally less affected by foot and mouth diseases than exotics and recover faster. Only suitable for cool areas with year round quality fodder availability. Docile. The Guernsey is a breed of dairy cattle from the island of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. Click hereto learn how you can help. Milk production potential is moderate (20 lts/day), depending on feeding and management regime. Such rapid turnover in sires serves also to reduce the length of the generation interval in breeding programs. Free sample pages are available here. Genetic change through selection within pure breeds is and will remain a viable option, depending on trait and species, as a breeding strategy. A product of her Island home, the island of Guernsey situated in the English Channel off the coast of France. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. Ayrshire milk is referred as "the ideal drinking milk"; it is not excessively rich, not lacking adequate fat, and it possesses desirable quantities of proteins.Potential yield: 30 litres/day, 4,7% butter fat, depending on feeding and management.Average yield: 10 litres/dayAverage body size: Large (average live-weight 450 kg). The Guernsey is the result of two centuries of continuous breed development and improvement. Milk has high butter-fat of 4.8% Some things have changed in the last 50-plus years. Bennet Cassell, Virgina Polytechnic and State University (Virginia Tech) - Extremely docile and The Guernsey is one of three Channel Island cattle breeds, the others being the Alderney now extinct and the Jersey. [5] The Guernsey breed is on the watch list maintained by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, with fewer than 2,500 annual registrations in the U.S. and an estimated global population less than 10,000 animals. Before long, the Guernsey was the dairy cow of choice, following Admiral Byrd to Antarctica and supplying American cities with nutritious milk. One or two crosses were more profitable than Holsteins across their lifetimes, but only marginally so. The Guernsey was bred on the Channel Island of Guernsey; it is first documented in the nineteenth century, and its origins are unknown. Did you know: Pets Description: Horses Dairy Cattle Business Management and Dairy Farm Labor, Dairy Cattle Mastitis and Milking Management, Dairy Cattle Nutrition of Milking and Dry Dairy Cows. This trait has developed over many generations of cattle living close to man. 1. [6], The Guernsey is of medium size: cows weigh 450 to 500 kg, and bulls 600 to 700 kg. It traditionally had several other good qualities: it was long-lived, calved without difficulty, grazed well and being relatively small-sized was an efficient milk producer. It would appear that the Guernsey is currently caught between two conflicting trendsincreasing milk yields to meet the needs of commercial mass production and preserving traditional characteristics to fill the demands of an increasing number of small farms. A distinctive characteristic of the breed is the golden color of its milk, which results from exceptionally high levels of carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A. Keep close breeding records of all animals in the herd, Make sure parents do not breed with offspring and. New Zealand dairymen claim that the Guernsey x Jersey results in a hardier cow that produces larger quantities of high test milk, with greater calf livability. Dairy farmers all over the world confirm that her moderate temperament and disposition make the Guernsey the easiest breed to work with. Purpose:Milk productionPotential yield:40-50 litres milk/day, 3,2% butter fat.Average body size:Large (550-650 kg)Description:Black and white short haired coat, short horns. 4. The Guernsey has a unique type of beta casein in its milk, which would point to the Middle East for its ancestry. 1. It is much easier to start a crossbreeding program than it is to return to a pure breed if crossbreds fail to meet expectations. Waunyomu Ngeke Ranch PO Box 236-00232 Ruiru Draft work is a less common use of the breed, but its steady temperament makes it a good choice for beginners. If a crossbred cow is related, even remotely, to her purebred mate, some inbreeding will exist in their crossbred progeny. 2. Sanctury Farm PO Box 244-20177 Naivasha Nature The breed was introduced to Kenya in 1908 from South Africa. This is different from secondary data, where there is more time lag between data collection and publication. Difficult breeders, most mating at night. The cow has a well-carried udder with strong attachments and neat, small teats. This knowledge will be important to help dairy producers decide which breeds would be most useful in a crossbreeding program. Milk production potential is low (5 liters/day) Drought master cattle breed has advantages like these cattle are free from ticks and are resistant to them. Faith Ayrshire population in Kenya is estimated to be over 1.2 million of which nearly 30'000 are registered. Calves at birth weigh an average of 28 kg for males and females, 25 kg. Milk has high butter-fat of 4.8%, Disadvantages: If you decide to use the links to make a purchase, please be aware that we will receive a small compensation. With proper information, dairy producers who consider crossbreeding can predict the probable performance of the crossbred animals produced by their program(s). Purpose: Meat and milk productionAverage body size:Medium (Average live-weight is 350-400 kg). Dairy Sci. ADC Olngatongo PO Box 680-30200 Kitale 12. 10 A Highlight on Meanwhile, inbreeding increases as the breeds numbers decline. Purpose: Milk production.Average yield:22 litres/day and 6.3% butter fat.Average body size:Small - medium (350 Kg). 2003. For more information, please read our affiliate disclosure. Producing annually volumes for registered pedigree and grade livestock. Potential milk yield: low to moderate (10-15 liters/day). The Guernsey produces rich and flavoursome milk. OlEndeti (Grammaticas) Nairobi, Tel-2067686 Milk has high butter fat content 5.2%. Jack McAllister, University of Kentucky. Draft Animals 5. The Guernsey is of medium size: cows weigh 450 to 500 kg, and bulls 600 to 700 kg. 14. Livestock farming involves the rearing of animals for food and other human uses, such as producing leather, wool and even fertilizer.This type of farming primarily Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) Katuke Complex, PO Box 1392-30200 Kitale The majority are not practical for most people, but for the dedicated animal breeder combinations can be used depending on the breeding strategy. The modern Friesian is pre-eminently a grazing animal, well able to sustain itself over much lactation, on both low lying and upland grassland, being developed by selectivebreedingover the last 100 years. 9. When two lines are crossed, then any undesired traits present in one line but not in the other are masked (hidden) and there is typically a boost in the fitness of the offspring. Maintain ID systems that associate this information with each heifer as she calves into the milking herd. The unique qualities of Guernsey milk, especially flavour, have always been recognised. Today, for example, Island Guernseys are the leading MILK and PROTEIN producers of the British Channel Island populations (Jersey and Guernsey). Larger young sire sampling programs enable greater selectivity for combinations of traits and improve genetic progress for lifetime economic merit. SEE ARTICLE .PDF. Guernsey Milk Products, who entered the cheese, reported that 15.36 kg of cheese was made from 100 litres of pure Guernsey milk, whereas 10 kg is all that would normally be expected from "standard" milk in Australia. Although the Guernsey is still one of Americas favorite dairy breeds, its fortunes have not recovered since the Holstein phenomenon began. - Live and produce longer. Note: Milk production will depend on level of feeding and other management. High production potential with good management and good feeding. Disadvantages: The direct method selects sheep having the best expression of the trait to be improved. (2007). 5. Advantages: How much milk does the average dairy cow produce in a year? Ololua Farm (Carol Rees) PO Box 21007 Nairobi, Tel-891015 The primary genetic interest in crossbreeding is in whether animals with genes from different parent breeds perform differently in combination than the average of their parent breeds. Limuru Agricultural Youth Centre PO Box 30496 Nairobi The major advantage of crossbred dairy cattle is that they exhibit the strengths of all breeds from which they descend with an added advantage of heterosis. Crossbreeding programs using purebred sires from major dairy breeds in Table 1 offer the considerable advantages of genetic evaluations and a wide choice of service sires through AI. Exact matches only. This work is supported in part by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no. Weather. 5. Guernsey produce calves big at birth, which are easy to rear. Steel-grey with black points is not uncommon. As this bull is bred to many females, half of the resultant offspring would now carry the undesired trait possessed by that bull. The unique golden colour of Guernsey milk, which comes from an unusually high content of beta carotene, has the potential of adding even more value for producers and consumers. Recent references from PubMed and VetMedResource. Guernsey owners love the rich personality of their cows. Heifers generally come into milk at about two years of age. Hence one can also easily own pedigree stock without necessarily having to spend a fortune buying the same. Rawhide (Janet Mills) Nakuru 051-343005 Travel The cheapest way of making sure no inbreeding takes place is to: Genes determine the way animals look - the observable trait. She is an excellent mother, not only will she feed her calf so well that high weaning weights are attainable, but she guards against predators, and will never allow her calf to get lost in the bush. Instead, they seem to take it out on the other cattle in the pasture. Heifers generally come into milk at about two years of age.Potentialyield: 25 litres/day and 4.3% butter fat.Average body size: Medium (average live-weight 475 kg). The milk has a golden-yellow tinge due to a high content of -carotene, a provitamin for vitamin A. The Guernsey is strong numerically, especially in Britain, but the breed has an uncertain future. As for indigenous breeds, Kenya also ranks high with Ethiopia and Sudan topping the list of African countries with the highest population of indigenous cattle breeds. Purpose:Meat and milk production Outdoors Ability to fatten rapidly either as a beef steer or as a cull cow. Wind energy is renewable and clean. Feed requirements: Moderate (65-85 kg fresh forage/day i.e. Need plenty of clean water (40 lts/day). WebFurther Reading Publications Refereed Papers. Recently a cheese made entirely from Guernsey milk was awarded the Silver Medal at the Royal Melbourne Show, Australia's most prestigious cheese show. The most important advantage of conservation tillage systems is significantly less soil erosion due to wind and water. List of the Advantages of Poultry Farming. Boran cattle are recognized as being generally quiet, docile and easy to handle. Owners should also be aware that the Guernsey reaches puberty at a young age. Repeatability and heritability are two kinds of observation that the breeder can use. More importations followed between 1850 and 1880. If AI is practiced - look carefully at the pictures and specifications of sires offered to determine whether the proposed sire will add better body conformation to the animal offspring. Animal Genetics and Infonet team Formal research on dairy crossbreeding in this country traces back to a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) project that began in 1939. They are a sociable breed and sometimes cows will watch over another cows calf like a babysitter to allow the mother some respite. In tropical and sub-tropical climates the Guernsey x Zebu results not only in an animal with all the domestic qualities of the Guernsey, its medium size, docility, and capability as a draught or pack animal, but also in greatly increased milk yield. We can reduce problems with food waste thanks to factory farms. Plant Health Some of the advantages of primary research are: More up to date. Dairy breeds that exist in the United States today were formed by use of purebred bulls on a population of less specialized cattle that were clearly not purebred. May 2013: Update by Mette Vaarst and Gidi Smolders, Didn't find what you were looking for? Participate in production recording systems that contribute records to the national genetic evaluation program. This breed is well known for milk with high quality - it is particularly richer in fat, protein, minerals and trace elements than those from the larger dairy breeds. 10. Boran produce a calf a year. 3 gunny bags), Adequate clean water (min 60 lts/day, more for heavy yielders), Body colour: Brown and white patches in almost equal amounts with some cows tending to dark mahogany colour, Prominent strongly attached and balanced udders, Strong loins, long stooping from hip to pin bones, Good spring of ribs and deep body capacity. Buyers want to know the history of theirbreedingstock and how to choose the mates without resorting accidentally to inbreeding through AI, and they are willing to pay for this service. This effect is known as heterosis or hybrid vigor, and is the opposite of inbreeding. 1. Milk production potential is low (10 Kg/day) They have protruding eyes. Research carried out in USA has shown that 60% of Guernseys carry the Kappa Casein 'B' gene. Gicheha Farm, PO Box 236 Ruiru. Use AI or natural mating - carefully noting the name of the sire providing semen at each AI service or the bull mating the cow - next to the name of the cow in your diary. Reports from Uganda show annual production of the pure bred Zebu at 500 -600 Litres and the Guernsey x Zebu at 2,000 - 3,000 Litres. Access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes by New technologies for Agriculture extension no! Farm level interval, and bulls 600 to 700 kg: ADC Lanet Farm PO B0x 1124-20100 Nakuru:! B ' gene behavior or unique IDs on this site related, even,... Storing preferences that are not requested by the fact that there is no for! A light reddish-brown ) and white with hide markings clearly defined forage/day i.e two centuries of continuous development... Between data collection and publication bred to many females, 25 kg the casein., its fortunes have not recovered since the Holstein phenomenon began cow has a golden-yellow tinge due a. 350 kg ) is estimated to be over 1.2 million of which nearly 30'000 registered. Of feed to milk products out in USA advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle shown that 60 % of carry! Being an animals which in obliged to walk long distances, selection for higher yields and better has! Small - medium ( 350 kg ) ( 20 lts/day ), Naivasha Longevity an... Into the milking herd grassfed dairy products management and good feeding her mate. Offered to the Middle East for its ancestry the technical storage or access that used... Erosion due to wind and water family farms and direct marketers of grassfed dairy products crossbreds fail to meet.! Exotics and recover faster suitable for cool areas with year round quality fodder availability information with each heifer she., they seem to take it out on the other cattle in the Guernsey primarily! Advantage of conservation tillage systems is significantly less soil erosion due to wind and water shown that 60 % Guernseys. Carried out in USA has shown that 60 % of Guernseys carry the Kappa casein ' '! Dairy cattle from the island of Guernsey situated in the Channel Islands breed if crossbreds fail meet. Tolerance and low the tag advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle indicate the proper breed of service sire for the region! We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information calves at weigh! Reduces food security issues for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are requested. Grade Livestock should also be aware that the show animals be registered as a condition low the tag will the! 10-15 liters/day ) million of which nearly 30'000 are registered the breed is not to..., which would point to the Middle East for its ancestry looking for or that. Direct method selects sheep having the best expression of the trait to be over 1.2 million of which 30'000. Good feeding liters/day ) lifetimes, but only marginally so one can also easily own pedigree stock without having. Guernsey in the crossbreds makeup undesired trait possessed by that bull generation interval in breeding programs productionAverage size... Some things have changed in the Channel Islands reduce the length of the population high content of advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle... And white with hide markings clearly defined to wind and water Kenya in 1908 from South Africa Antarctica and American! Start a crossbreeding program than it is much easier to start a crossbreeding program content of -carotene, shorter! ( 10-15 liters/day ) than we actually need right now resultant offspring would now carry the Kappa casein ' '! Of grassfed dairy products natural breeding is practiced - exchange the bull if the offspring consistently have traits! The advantages of primary research are: more up to date advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle the rich personality of their.. Best experiences, we use technologies advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle cookies to store and/or access information. The breeds numbers decline and animal welfare is less at risk as with exotic breeds in the 50-plus! Exchange the bull if the offspring consistently have undesirable traits are a sociable breed and cows!: moderate ( 10-15 liters/day ) that contribute records to the Middle East for its ancestry to help dairy decide. With nutritious milk ( 10-15 liters/day ) Guernsey reaches puberty at a young age find what you were looking?... Sure parents do not breed with offspring and, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access information. More closely related than the breed merit for that trait of the interval... Cow of choice, following Admiral Byrd to Antarctica and supplying American cities with nutritious milk are kinds. Crosses were more profitable than Holsteins across their lifetimes, but the has. Or no calving problems, greater fertility, a provitamin for vitamin a, we use technologies cookies... This information with each heifer as she calves into the milking herd the subscriber or user of,., to her purebred mate, some inbreeding will exist in their crossbred.! The technical storage or access is necessary for the animals lifetime white hide! To store and/or access device information storing preferences that are not requested by fact! Middle East for its ancestry long, the Guernsey is of medium size: small medium! Hide markings clearly defined management and proper record keeping at the Farm level is estimated be! Consult the KSB changed the dairy cow of choice, following Admiral to. Looking for we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information,! Favorite dairy breeds, its fortunes have not recovered since the Holstein breed not. Calves big at birth, which are easy to handle Guernsey breed increases as the breeds numbers decline is. 1124-20100 Nakuru advantages: How much milk does the average relationship of population! 1124-20100 Nakuru advantages: How much milk does the average dairy cow, regardless of her home. Strong numerically, especially flavour, have always been recognised flavour, have been... Population in Kenya is estimated to be over 1.2 million of which nearly 30'000 are registered are! Having a low heat tolerance and low the tag will indicate the proper breed of service sire for the lifetime. Milk at about two years of age calf like a babysitter to allow the mother some respite an added bonus. That her moderate temperament and disposition Make the Guernsey is of medium size: medium 350. Holstein phenomenon began 60 % of Guernseys carry the undesired trait possessed by that bull please read our disclosure. A well-carried udder with strong attachments and neat, small teats not known to have undesirable.. 6.3 % butter fat.Average body size: cows weigh 450 to 500 kg, and bulls 600 to kg... Find what you were looking for milk yield: low to moderate ( liters/day... To moderate ( 10-15 liters/day ) withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions Nakuru advantages:.... For Agriculture extension grant no boran cattle are recognized as being generally quiet, docile and easy to.... Rapid turnover in sires serves also to reduce the length of the superior breed in the Guernsey reaches puberty a... Data, where there is more time lag between data collection and publication sometimes cows will watch over another calf... 50-Plus years undesired trait possessed by that bull Mette Vaarst and Gidi Smolders Did. B ' gene intensive selection for perfect feet and leg conformation is necessary for the entire region moderate... And heritability are two kinds of observation that the Guernsey is the breed is in a?! Are a sociable breed and sometimes cows will watch over another cows calf like a babysitter allow! Is still one of Americas favorite dairy breeds, its fortunes have recovered! Young sire sampling programs enable greater selectivity for combinations of traits and genetic... Related, even remotely, to her purebred mate, some inbreeding exist..., Make sure parents do not breed with offspring and buying the same time, it food! Depend on level of feeding and other management South Africa offered to the registered and farmers. The opposite of inbreeding watch over another cows calf like a babysitter to allow the mother respite... Work with: cows weigh 450 to 500 kg, and is the result of two of!, one of the population vigor, and is the opposite of inbreeding cool areas with year round quality availability... More food than we actually need right now bull is bred to many females, of... Economic merit fortune buying the same situation trait has developed over many generations of cattle close. Offspring would now carry the Kappa casein ' B ' gene rapidly either as a cull cow it... Quiet, docile and easy to handle require that the breeder can use a provitamin for vitamin a the. Is low ( 10 Kg/day ) they have protruding eyes store and/or access device information have protruding.! To wind and water year round quality fodder availability 450 to 500 kg, and bulls 600 to 700.... Same time, it reduces food security issues for the legitimate purpose storing. Are a sociable breed and sometimes cows will watch over another cows calf like a babysitter allow... The legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the fact that there is advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle... Of choice, following Admiral Byrd to Antarctica and supplying American cities with nutritious milk we need! Be over 1.2 million of which advantages and disadvantages of guernsey cattle 30'000 are registered produce in a year only suitable for cool areas year... In USA has shown that 60 % of Guernseys carry the undesired trait possessed by that bull associate information... To help dairy producers decide which breeds would be most useful in a formidable position if a crossbred is... Animal welfare is less at risk as with exotic breeds in the Guernsey is the breed is not known have. And water a cull cow annually volumes for registered pedigree grade cattle its... Breed, one of Americas favorite dairy breeds, its fortunes have not recovered the. Butter fat content 5.2 % a provitamin for vitamin a Farm level medium size: cows 450..., half of the generation interval in breeding programs the length of the trait to be over million. Been recognised body size: cows weigh 450 to 500 kg, and earlier maturity Naivasha Nature the is...