Gravity. The 1920's Part 4. The resolution of each of these conflicts requires the expenditure of sexual energy and the more energy that is expended at a particular stage, the more the important characteristics of that stage remain with the individual as he/she matures psychologically. For a child/adolescent to experience a successful upbringing, Freud believed that each structure plays an imperative role. New York: Time-Life Books, 1976. Freud stressed the importance of early childhood experience. Sigmund Freud Psychodynamic Approach Id, Ego, Superego Unconscious Mind Oedipus Complex Defense Mechanisms Psychosexual Stages Psychoanalysis Therapy; Neo-Freudians ; Alfred Adler Anna Freud Melanie Klein Carl Jung. Flashcards. Critics stated that the unconscious mind did not consist of hidden or repressed, passionate emotions. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) observed that during the predictable stages of early childhood development, the child's behavior is oriented towards certain parts of his or her body, e.g. Upgrade to remove ads. One of the most important psychological approaches to understanding personality is based on the theorizing of the Austrian physician and psychologist Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), who founded what today is known as the psychodynamic approach, an approach to understanding human behaviour that focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories. 30 terms. During that time, many people believed that certain individuals were genetically inferior and thus more susceptible to mental ill… Also, Freud's ideas of repression are rebuked by most modern psychologists who say repression is a rare phenomenon and that intense stress and pain actually causes better remembrance of an event. Log in Sign up. the scientific study of behavior (external/overt) and mental processes (internal/invert), (1) describe (2) explain (3) predict (4) control, early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind; aka Mentalism, early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play; influenced by Darwin's ideas about natural selection, psychophysicist; just noticeable difference (JND), psychophysicist; stimuli intensity; performed some of the first scientific experiments that would form a basis for experimentation in psychology with his studies of perception; absolute threshold, one of Wundt's students who brought structuralism to America; believed that every experience could be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations, started one of the first psych labs in Germany; believed that the mind was made up of thoughts, experiences, emotions, and other basic elements; used the process of objective introspection; father of modern psychology, the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities, philosopher, scientist, early psychologist; wrote "The Principles of Psychology" (which outlines every area we should study); functionalism; more interested in the importance of consciousness to everyday life, wanted to focus on only observable behavior; behaviorism; influenced by Pavlov's work in conditioning/learning; "Little Albert" study, the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only, a measure of the relationship between 2 variables, a number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of a correlation (always range b/t +1.00 and -1.00), a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships, believed that the soul could exist separately from the body (dualism), proposed that there is an unconscious mind into which we push all of our threatening urges and desires --> when these urges tried to surface, they create nervous disorders; stressed the importance of early childhood experiences; psychoanalysis, the theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud; stressed importance of early life experiences, the role of the unconscious, and development through stages, early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures; "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts", believed that psychological events such as perceiving and sensing could not be broken down into any smaller elements and still be properly understood; Gestalt psychology, a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology, a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology; may work in a hospital setting and teach at a college, a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders; can prescribe medication, a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, over-crowding, stress, and drug abuse, a study of one individual in great detail, truth can only come from logic; Rene Descartes, believe that you can only trust what you directly observe; John Locke, David Hume, Bishop Berkley, (physical v. mental) the body and mind are 2 separate and distinct things, rationalist and believed in Cartesian dualsim, subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment, subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable, process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group, variable that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects, randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects, psychophysicist; nonsense syllable; memory; came up with the 1st fundamental fact of cognitive psychology: that acquiring new knowledge is difficult and requires practice, didn't like Skinner's idea about stimulus and response when it comes to learning language; wrote "In Defense of Freedom and Dignity", became the new leader in the field of Behaviorism; developed a theory called operant conditioning (explained how voluntary behavior is learned); wrote "Beyond Freedom and Dignity", critical of Behaviorism; influenced by WWII, modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person's behavior other than sexual motivations, "third force" in psychology; a reaction to both psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism; focuses on people's ability to direct their own lives (free will, self-actualization), modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning, study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking, perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture, perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system, perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share, system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced, tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations, in research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results, naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, case studies, and surveys. Additional topics. Create. 10 terms. The 5 stages of development are based on age. Psychology perspectives. His experiences informed many of his theories, so learning more about his life and the times he lived in can lead to a deeper understanding of where his theory came from. Ku Klux Klan. 14 terms. 1  He believed that each of these parts of the mind plays an important role in influencing behavior. Sigmund Freud: Stressed the importance of early childhood events, the influence of the unconscious, and sexual instincts in the development and formation of personality. At this early stage he didn’t consider anxiety to be related to thoughts or ideas, but he did observe that it was closely linked to sexuality, defining it as sexual excitation that has been transformed. Sigmund Freud. Lacan proposed that there is an important stage of development not covered by Freud called the “mirror stage.” This aptly named stage is initiated when infants look into a mirror at their own image. 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