After Saddam was deposed, Iraqi Kurds negotiated the creation of a semi-autonomous region called the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), home to around 5 million Kurds. Israel's illegal annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967 and the Golan Heights in 1981 led to the application of Israeli civil legislation in these occupied territories. Stateless Nation: An ethnic group that does not comprise the majority of the population in the country where its homeland is located, or in any other country. The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. It's unclear how long the Rohingya have lived in Myanmar. The importance of national consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. In many cases, they were born and raised in a country that denies them citizenship based on ethnic or religious discrimination. This is considered insulting or worse. You see, the independence treaty you signed was ripped up. At the same time, many of those, did notpossess a state of their own, and some continue to be without a state. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Part 6. There are plenty of stateless nations in the world today. 2 - A 2008 map shows territories with limited sovereignty granted to the Indigenous people of Brazil. Witness the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s: the attempted establishment of nation-states, with one nation per state, resulted in ethnic cleansing, genocide, refugees, and civil war, and the problem is not yet fully resolved. The classic instance of a stateless nation has been the Jewish people who for long centuries have suffered for lack of a homeland which was only finally made available to them in 1948. Historically occupied the. These group names can vary over time and may depend on preferences. Seek self-determination from occupying powers. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. If Kurdistan were its own country, it would extend across 193,000 square miles (500,000 square kilometers) currently within the borders of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northern Syria and northwestern Iran. [22] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. The U.N. human rights chief called the Myanmar military's actions at the time "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing.". It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture which favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. When we use the term state in the context of government, we're referring to a region ruled by. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The Kurdish people are probably the best-known ( and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. example children with disabilities are 42% less likely to have foundational reading and numeracy skills . The Jewish people were once a famous "stateless nation" in history, until the creation of Israel in 1948. As such, the term expresses irredentism. Nations inhabiting a homeland; their existence goes unrecognized by their country's government. A stateless nation is a non-sovereign nation with no state structures. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. A 2017 government resolution opened a path to citizenship for 80,000 stateless people, mostly children of migrants and refugees, including the Rohingya. [92], This article is about a nation lacking a nation state. It is often a product of colonial dynamics mentioned earlier in this chapter, as settler communities from Europe have often, but not always, been the dominant group in this scenario. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national-statehood. According to the UNHCR, 25 countries have laws in which women can't pass their citizenship on to their children if they are single mothers. They contacted party members from across the nation to ask for their support. The Kurds are a famous example of a stateless nation; their territory is called "Kurdistan.". Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. In the summer of 2018, the world was fixated on the plight of 12 young soccer players and their coach trapped inside a flooded cave in Thailand. The Kurds, numbering an estimated 20 million Kurds, are commonly seen as the world's largest nation without a state. In Syria, Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1962 when the Syrian government's "Arabization" effort resulted in hundreds of thousands of Kurds being left off a national census and deemed "foreigners" (though some were allowed to acquire Syrian nationality later.) Ahwazi includes 30 tribes which see themselves as a distinct Arab nation. Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend. Many of those Kurds have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere. To summarize this article, a stateless nation is a group of people with no external recognition. In his thought-provoking "A nationless state? There are numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. You can say that superimposed boundaries by the European colonial powers, who arbitrarily created borders with utter disregard to existing nations in Africa, left many nations without a state. The Treaty of Westphalia in the 17th Century ended the Thirty Years War and created many of the boundaries in Europe which remain definitive it also gave the right for each territory to choose its own form of worship. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. Limited recognition by their country's government, but second-class status. Some of the stateless boys in the Thai cave lived in the Golden Triangle and were the children of undocumented migrants who had fled guerilla warfare in Myanmar. Keys to Understanding the Middle East: History and Religions of the Middle East, Chapter One : Foundations of the Modern Middle East, Chapter Two: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 1. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes which create inequity between groups in a given country. Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. The Basque believe that because they are culturally different than the Spaniards, they deserve a separate state. The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. What is an example of a nation without a state? The Pope became equivalent to an emperor in Western Europe, because when the Western Roman Empire fell to the Germanic invaders, there was a power vacuum which the Bishop of Rome (now known as the Pope) came to fill. Palestinians have a long-running conflict with Israel and have also lived as refugees in countries such as Jordan and Egypt. The U.N. Has Democracy Failed in the Middle East? The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. [10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed). [3] [4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied . Though they have some sovereignty over their territories, they are not separate countries, and thus can be considered stateless under the strictest definition of the term. Quickly review popular literary works like The Great Gatsby and more, See how scores on each section impacts your overall SAT score, See how scores on each section impacts your overall ACT score. It also cited food For example, going off of the previous example of the Kurds, the geographic area of eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and western Iran is the land that the Kurds believe belong to them, and is known as Kurdistan. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). The Kurds are an Indo-European people whose history predates the arrival of the Turks and Arabs in their portion of Middle East. In this article, we are NOT talking about the 50 US states, though; general terms for these, or for provinces, etc., are "administrative division" or "country subdivision.". Nations inhabiting a country but deprived of all land. Stateless Nations Examples of Nations Nation-states Japan Denmark Multi-national states China (Tibet) Stateless nations Kurds (in Iraq, Turkey, Iran) Basques (in Spain, France) Divided nations Korea (North and South) Point of View Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria may see the Kurds as unreliable, untrustworthy traitors who want to break apart those countries. College Board expects you to understand that events of the past have shaped the contemporary political map and to be able to explain the structure of the contemporary political map as well as different political entities, including stateless nations. Historically occupied the independent, Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the, The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the. The military, aided by Buddhist mobs, responded with a brutal crackdown that included alleged acts of murder, rape and the razing of Rohingya villages. Gamal Abdul Nasser and Non-Alignment, Part 11. Minor Human Rights Violations. This was deeply opposed by the resident Palestinians, who started mobilizing for war coalitions of Arab nations attacked Israel in 1948 and again in 1967. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. Historical societies [ edit] With thousands of nations in the world and less than 200 countries, the issue of stateless nations is often seen as a sort of Pandora's box from the point of view of the established 193 UN member countries. Contents Kurds Rohingya Palestinians Roma While rights such as voting are denied even to citizens in numerous countries, actual non-citizenship is reserved for people such as the stateless refugee nations of the Rohingya. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Fortunately, the concept of a stateless nation isnt particularly complicated and is relatively easy to identify and understand compared to other terms that could be asked on the multiple choice section. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. (and of course equivalents in other languages) may be okay in one country but offensive in another. Economic distress As elsewhere, in the refugee settlements in South Asia, the risks of contracting COVID-19 have much to do with employment and economic status, and Some nations have a historical memory of having had their own states until they were invaded or partitioned, usually during a major war, and ended up losing their independence. Papua New Guinea, Brazil, and numerous other countries are inventions of colonialism, so their nations have only recently become subject to a central government. This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ with European and global views on national identity. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). They resent the fact that they are not recognized and given political control over the land that they believe rightfully belongs to them. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that a third of all stateless people are children and more than 75 percent are members of a minority group. Empires, nation-states, city-states, and kingdoms are just a few examples of political entities. Starting in the 1980s, members of these groups were denied citizenship in a crackdown on illegal migrants in the region. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. The "Pame" of Mexico, who were targets of discrimination, consider the name insulting and prefer to be called Xi'ui. Stateless Nation: A nation that does not comprise the majority of the population in the country where its homeland is located, or in any other country. Buffer State States that are allowed to exist by neighboring states (to help relieve tension between the neighboring states). Examples include Kurds (Kurdistan), Palestinians (Palestine), and Yoruba. The few "stateless" ethnic groups that exceed that figure - African Americans in the United States, for example, or the Tamils in India - make no widespread demands for independence. Since Roma distrust government agencies and often keep their children out of state schools, many of them fled their home countries without official citizenship paperwork and identification. A stateless person is someone who is not recognized as a citizen or a national under the laws of any country and, consequently, cannot enjoy the rights that are associated with citizenship. Another treaty came into effect instead, depriving your people of statehood, and you're back to square one. (True or False) Most of the stateless nations of Mexico and Papua New Guinea are transborder stateless nations. This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies. American Unilateralism and the Middle East, Part 17. (The term "gypsy" comes from the false belief that the Roma originated in Egypt.). The Post-Colonial Era in the Middle East: Iran and Turkey, Part 10. Turkish nationalist policy resulted in "Turkification" and the banning of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of the 1900s. D. contains countries whose economies complement one another. Frequently Asked Questions about Stateless Nation What is a stateless nation? Although this region is sometimes called Kurdistan, it is not an official state. Should be in parliament before the end of the year. Chuck Holton has spent two decades reporting on wars and disasters in more than 100 countries. Learn more about our school licenses here. Also: 1: Palestine 2: US Native Indian nations 3: Canada First Nations 4: Canada Inuit [though they do have their own Province] 5: Tibet 6: East Turkestan/Xinjiang Uighurs 7: Kurdistan 8: Barotseland 9: Euskadi 10: Catalonia 11: Galicia Thailand is home to an estimated 2 to 3.5 million stateless individuals. [14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. The Basque country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention. [4] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence[87] and Irish people before the Irish War of Independence and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War. Recent Examples on the Web His family is stateless and he's haunted by the torture his late father suffered when displaced in Kuwait. Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p. A stateless nation refers to nations, religions or a group of individuals who taken as the minority in any region or a nation and have no place or nation they can regard as their own. See the UNPO Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organisation. Regarding the free response question (FRQ), you will most likely not be directly asked a question involving stateless nations explicitly. The ultimate review guides for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep. The rest are multinational states: their territorial boundaries contain the territories of more than one ethnic nation. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture that favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. Malta, national identity and the European Union" (The Sunday Times, December 1, 8 and 15) Professor Godfrey . Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and Somaliland are examples of these. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation-states. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state. The United Nations called the Rohingya "the most persecuted minority in the world.". Instead, the Kurdish population is spread across territory in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. Stateless Nations A further example is the gypsy people or Roma people of Europd ( romani-pop. They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. When a community lacks representation in a countrys system of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it is sometimes referred to as minoritization. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the process which creates inequity between groups in a given country (see Key Concept below). You can also find thousands of practice questions on Albert.io. States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. Even today, there are active autonomy and independence movements around the world. Bring Albert to your school and empower all teachers with the world's best question bank for: Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. How to use stateless in a sentence. It also includes nations relegated to "cryptic" (hidden) status even if still living in the country of origin. They are thus called stateless nations. Want to create or adapt books like this? The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. The Kutupalong refugee camp in Bangladesh is the largest of its kind in the world, home to more than 600,000 Rohingya Muslim refugees from neighboring Myanmar (formerly Burma). Others include Palestinians, Basques, and Roma. Modernization Versus Westernization, Part 7. Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. Sounds bad, right? One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Only a small fraction of the world's national groups have associated nation-states. As a verb it emphasizes the historical nature of inequity, and as a phenomenon which is continually reinforced in a country. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations. In regions free of border controls, like the Schengen Area in Europe, this is not an issue. The GPFG, for example, still holds investments of over 1.38 billion NOK in the German utility RWE. Have all your study materials in one place. As a verb it emphasizes the historical nature of inequity and a phenomenon that is continually reinforced in a country. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) was established in 1948 to aid Palestinian refugees who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the Arab-Israeli wars. Kosovo is an ethnic Albanian state unrecognized by UN member Serbia, which claims it, and many other countries that are allies of Serbia. Each year, the UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award recognizes several individuals, groups or organizations that have shown exceptional dedication in protecting and assisting refugees, internally displaced or stateless people. A nationless state or a stateless nation. They are within the borders of another state, one that they believe they are so significantly different from as to warrant their state. However, because the respective governments arent giving into their demands, this area is extremely dangerous and has stunted the growth of the region for the past several decades. For example, the various categories of stateless persons not considered 'to deserve or need international protection' are identical to those excluded from refugee status. It is important to understand the dynamics of national identity for two main reasons: 1) to understand the immense cultural diversity of the Middle East. How many stateless nations are there? Unending Struggle? It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. Captive nations are trapped in highly discriminatory situations, still inhabiting ancestral homeland but bereft of many rights and legal protections. Devine.[8]. The Kurds have a long history of statelessness, dating back to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. [25], Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. Not all ethnic groups claim to be a nation or aspire to be a separate state. A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. When Kurdish peshmerga militants took up arms against Saddam in the late 1980s, the dictator responded by bombing a Kurdish village with chemical weapons, killing an estimated 5,000 civilian men, women and children. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. Many groups in China fall in this category. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. The national identity in that case is formed based on a recent institution, rather than one which organically developed over a along period of time. Nor are most stateless people refugees. Multi State Nation - people with a shared culture and spread over several . Mikael Parkvall, "Vrldens 100 strsta sprk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in, The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010, Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:32, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra, Fuerzas Armadas de Liberacin Nacional Puertorriquea, Unincorporated territory of the United States, National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, List of active autonomist and secessionist movements, List of unrecognized tribes in the United States, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, "Stateless in Europe: 'We are no people with no nation', "Europe's Stateless Nations in the Era of Globalization, The Case for Catalonia's Secession by Josep Desquens", "Catalan delegates in solidarity visit to Scotland's independence movement", "EFA brings stateless nations even closer", The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), "About Uyghurs | Uyghur American Association", "State of Palestine Population (2021) - Worldometer", "Interactivo: Creencias y prcticas religiosas en Espaa", "Eurominority La solidarit avec le peuple palestinien", "La Sardegna nel club delle nazioni: un capitolo nella Bibbia dell'etnie del mondo Cronaca L'Unione Sarda.it", "Crimean Tatars' want autonomy after Russia's seizure of peninsula", " 2000 : , , , ", "The Jews: Race, Nation or Religion: Which? 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In countries such as Jordan and Egypt. ) nation can exist a! A region ruled by homeland ; their existence goes unrecognized by their 's! By neighboring states ( to help relieve tension between the neighboring states ( to you! In their portion of Middle East: Iran and Turkey, Syria,,... Region ruled by for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep which. X27 ; re referring to a people, mostly children of migrants refugees. '' and the Middle East recognized and given political control over the that! `` Pame '' of Mexico and Papua New Guinea are transborder stateless in! One ethnic nation same awareness of being a stateless nation what is an example of a stateless is... Basque believe that because they are quite common throughout the world and make... 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